纵横天下

中东地区信用证的单据处理

[ 1、A CERTIFICATE ISSUED BY THE CARRIER，SHIPPING CO. OR THEIR AGENTS CERTIFYING THAT SHIPMENT HAS BEEN EFFECTED BY CONFERENCE LIN AND/OR REGULAR LINE VESSELS ONLY COVERED BY INSTITUTE CLASSFICATION CLAUSE， TO ACCOMPANY THE DOCUMENTS。单据处理：注意让承运人、船公司或他们的代理提供表明以上内容的证明。　（由承运人、船公司或他们的代理签发的证明，表明货物已经由船公司按照伦敦协会条款装运，并且已随附有单据。）

2、FREIGHT FORWARDERS BILL OF LADING EVEN IF ISSUED AND SIGNED AS PER ARTICLE 30 OF UCP500 NOT ACCEPTABLE。单据处理：见此条款则必须提供由船公司出具的提单。　（货运代理出具的提单，即使表明按照UCP500第30条出具的，也不接受。）

 3、ANY ALTERNATION OR AMENDMENT ON BILL OF LADING STRICTLY NOT ACCEPTABLE EVEN IF IT IS AUTHENTICATED BY THE AUTHORIZED PEOPLE。单据处理：注意对提单不能进行任何修改。　（任何对提单的修改不能接受，即使修改由被授权的人授权作出。）

4、GOODS ARE NOT OF ISRAELI ORIGIN AND DO NOT CONTAIN ANY ISRAELI MATERIAL。单据处理：由受益人提供证明，包含有上述文字。　（货物必须保证非以色列出品并且不含以色列的材料。）

5、SHIPMENT MUST BE EFFECTED BY NYK LINE AND/OR PRESENTATION MUST BE SIGNED MANUALLY， RUBBER STAMP SIGNATURE NOT ACCEPTABLE。单据处理：受益人必须按要求提供合适的文件。　（货物必须由NYK公司运输和/或必须用手工签字方能提示生效，橡皮图章不接受。）

6、ALL DOCUMENTS CALLED FOR IN THIS CREDIT SHOULD BE DATED AND ANY DOCUMENT DATED PRIOR TO L/C ISSUANCE DATE NOT ACCEPTABLE。单据处理：受益人必须按要求提供合适的文件。　（信用证要求的所有文件单据必须标明日期，并且早于信用证生效日期的文件单据不接受。）

7、SHIPMENT ADVICE QUOTING THE NAME OF THE CARRYING VESSEL， DATE OF SHIPMENT， NUMBER OF PACKAGES， SHIPPING MARKS ，AMOUNT， LETTER OF CREDIT NUMBER， POLICY NUMBER MUST BE SENT TO APPLICANT BY FAX， COPIES OF TRANSMITTED SHIPMENT ADVICES ACCOMPANIED BY FAX TRANSMISSION REPORTS MUST ACCOMPANY THE DOCUMENTS。单据处理：受益人应当注意在传真完装船通知后，索取表明已发送的电讯报告，届时与装船通知作为议付单据。　（表明船名、装船日期、包装号、唛头、金额、信用证号、保险单号的装船通知必须由受益人传真给开证人，装船通知和传真副本以及发送传真的电讯报告必须随附在（议付）单据之中。）

8、TWO SETS OF SHIPPING SAMPLES AND ONE SET OF NON-NOGOTIABLE SHIPPING DOCUMENTS MUST BE SENT TO APPLICANT BY SPEED POST/COURIER SERVICE WITHIN 5 DAYS FROM THE DATE OF BILL OF LADING AND A CERTIFICATE TO THIS EFFECT FROM BENEFICIARY TOGETHER WITH RELATIVE SPEED POST/COURIER RECEIPT MUST ACCOMPANY THE DOCUMENTS。单据处理：该条要求两样单据———受益人自己出具的证明和邮政快递收据。　 [两套船样和一套不可议付的装船单据必须在提单载明日期5日内通过邮局快递寄给开证人，并且受益人需出具证明表明已照此行事，相应的邮政快递收据必须随附在（议付）单据之中。]

9、VESSEL SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND IS SUBJECT TO INSTITUTE CLASSFICATIONS CLAUSES。A CERTIFICATE TO THIS EFFECT FROM THE SHIPPING COMPANY/AGENT MUST ACCOPMANY DOCUMENTS PRESENTED FOR NEGOTIATION。单据处理：受益人应要求船公司/代理出具这样的证明书。　（根据伦敦协会船级条款，船只不应该超过15年船龄，船公司/代理出具的这样的证书在议付时应随同单据一起提交。）

10、THE VESSEL CARRYING THE GOODS IS NOT ISRAELI AND WILL NOT CALL ON ANY ISRAELI PORT WHILE CARRYING THE GOODS AND THAT THE VESSEL IS NOT BANNED ENTRY TO THE PORT OF THE ARAB STATES FOR ANY REASONS WHATEVER UNDER LAW AND THE LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF SUCH STATES ALLOWED。单据处理：受益人应对船公司有此项要求，并且提单上不能出现任何以色列港口。　（船上所装该货物不产于以色列，载货时船不停泊任何以色列港口，船只不禁止进入阿拉伯国家法律和规则所容许的港口。）

11、A CERTIFICATE FROM THE SHIPPING COMPANY OR THEIR AGENTS OR FROM OWNER/MASTER OF THE VESSEL IS TO BE PRESENTED STATING“TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN。 WE CERTIFY THAT THE VESSEL IS ALLOWED TO CALL AT ANY ARAB PORTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF ARAB AUTHORITIES（NOT APPLICABLE IN CASE SHIPMENT IS EFFECTED BY UNITED ARAB SHIPPING COMPANY VESSEL。）单据处理：因按要求让船公司或他们的代理，或船东出具的证明，并一字不拉地将该条款要求的内容写上.　（由船公司或他们的代理，或船东出具的证明，写有“呈递给有关人员”，“兹证明该船只可以停靠在符合阿拉伯国家规定的任何港口”〈该条款不适用于阿拉伯联合船运公司的船只〉。）

12、INVOICE TO SHOW HARMONIZED SYSTEM COMMODITY CODE NUMBER。单据处理：发票应打上H.S.税则号。　（发票上须显示海关协调编码税则号。）

13、THE DOCUMENTS ARE TO BE PRESENTED FOR NEGOTIATION ONLY AFTER DEPARTURE OF VESSEL FROM THE PORT OF LOADING AND A CERTIFICATE TO THIS EFFECT FROM THE SHIPPING COMPANY OR ITS AGENT’S STATING THE ACTUAL DATE OF DEPARTURE OF VESSEL FROM THE PORT OF LOADING TO ACCOMPANY THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS。单据处理：受益人应要求船公司或其代理出具此证明，作为议付单据之一。　（单据必须于船只从装运港起航之后方可提示议付，并且由船公司或者它的代理做出的，表明船只自装运港的实际起航日期的证明文件将随附在正本单据里。）

14、ORIGINAL INVOICE AND CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN DULY LEGALIZED BY UAE OR ANY ARAB EMBASSY。 IN THE ABSENCE OF UAE EMBASSY/CONSULATE TO BE LEGALIZED BY TRADE CENTER OR COMMERCIAL OFFICES TO BE SENT DIRECTLY TO APPLICANT AND A CERTIFICATE TO THEIS EFFECT FROM THE BENEFICIARY TO ACCOMPANY THE DOCUMENTS。 NON LEGALIZED COPIES OF INVOICE AND CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN ARE ACCEPTABLE FOR NEGOTIATION。单据处理：该条款前半部分对发票和原产地证要求领事认证，这时中东国家惯常做法，看似很难做到，但后半部分则表示可以接受未经领事认证的发票和产地证，则说明连开证人自己都清楚申请领事认证是很难办到的事，故有这种折衷的办法。　（正本发票和原产地证须由阿联酋或任何一个阿拉伯的大使馆认证。如缺少由阿联酋大使馆/领事馆认可的贸易中心或商务办公室的认证，可将其（正本发票和原产地证）直接寄给开证人，并且由受益人出具已经这样做了的证明文件作为议付单据。没有认证的发票副本和原产地证在议付时可以接受。）

15、RUBBER STAMP SIGNATURES OF THE BENEFICIARY ON DOCUMENTS ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE。单据处理：由受益人 出具的单据文件不应出现受益人的橡皮图章。　（盖有受益人橡皮图章的单据将不予接受。）

16、BACKDATED BILL OF LADING NOT ACCEPTABLE。单据处理：注意不能接受到签提单。　（不接受到签提单。）

17、ANY DOCUMENTS （ORIGINAL OR COPY） ALONGWITH INVOICES，CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN,BILL OF LADING OR ANY OTHER CERTIFICATE ISSUED BY BENEFICIARY OR SHIPPING COMPANY,WITH ANY AMENDMENT/ALTERATION OR CONDITION IS NOT ACCEPTABLE，EVEN IF SUCH AMENDMENT/ALTERNATION OR ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS IS AUTHENTICATED BY ISSUING AUTHORITY。单据处理：需注意提交议付的所有单证不能有任何修改。　（任何对单据的修改，连同受益人或船公司出具的发票、原产地证、提单或其他证书将不被接受。）

18、THE SHIP IS ALLOWED BY ARAB AUTHORITIES TO CALL AT ARABIAN PORTS AND IS NOT SCHEDULED TO CALL AT ANY ISRAELI PORT DURING ITS TRIP TO ARABIAN COUNTRIES。SHIPMENT HAS BEEN MADE BY A VESSEL LESS THAN 15 YEARS OF AGE COVERED BY INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION CLAUSE OF REGULAR/CONFERENCE LINE。单据处理：这是开证人对船只的限制和要求。在装船前须告知船公司此要求，并要求船公司出具按照伦敦协会条款船龄不超过15年的证明。　（船只准许在阿拉伯国家授权的阿拉伯港口，并且不能在它航行在阿拉伯国家期间依靠在以色列港口。装载该货物的船舶，需按照伦敦协会条款使用年限不超过15年。）

Article 29 Extension of Expiry Date or Last Day for Presentation

第二十九条 截止日或最迟交单日的顺延

a. If the expiry date of a credit or the last day for presentation falls on a day when the bank to which presentation is to be made is closed for reasons other than those referred to in article 36, the expiry date or the last day for presentation, as the case may be, will be extended to the first following banking day.

a.如果信用证的截至日或最迟交单日适逢接受交单的银行非因第三十六条所述原因而歇业，则截止日或最迟交单日，视何者适用，将顺延至其重新开业的第一个银行工作日。

b. If presentation is made on the first following banking day, a nominated bank must provide the issuing bank or confirming bank with a statement on its covering schedule that the presentation was made within the time limits extended in accordance with sub-article 29 (a).

b.如果在顺延后的第一个银行工作日交单，指定银行必须在其致开证行或保兑行的面涵中声明交单是在根据第二十九条a款顺延的期限内提交的。

c. The latest date for shipment will not be extended as a result of sub-article 29 (a).

c.最迟发运日不因第二十九条a款规定的原因而顺延。

Article 30 Tolerance in Credit Amount, Quantity and Unit Prices

第三十条 信用证金额、数量与单价的增减幅度

a. The words "about" or "approximately" used in connection with the amount of the credit or the quantity or the unit price stated in the credit are to be construed as allowing a tolerance not to exceed 10% more or 10% less than the amount, the quantity or the unit price to which they refer.

a.“约”或“大约”用语信用证金额或信用证规定的数量或单价时，应解释为允许有关金额或数量或单价有不超过10%的增减幅度。

b. A tolerance not to exceed 5% more or 5% less than the quantity of the goods is allowed, provided the credit does not state the quantity in terms of a stipulated number of packing units or individual items and the total amount of the drawings does not exceed the amount of the credit.

b.在信用证未以包装单位件数或货物自身件数的方式规定货物数量时，货物数量允许有5%的增减幅度，只要总支取金额不超过信用证金额。

c. Even when partial shipments are not allowed, a tolerance not to exceed 5% less than the amount of the credit is allowed, provided that the quantity of the goods, if stated in the credit, is shipped in full and a unit price, if stated in the credit, is not reduced or that sub-article 30 (b) is not applicable. This tolerance does not apply when the credit stipulates a specific tolerance or uses the expressions referred to in sub-article 30 (a).

c.如果信用证规定了货物数量，而该数量已全部发运，及如果信用证规定了单价，而该单价又未降低，或当第三十条b款不适用时，则即使不允许部分装运，也允许支取的金额有5%的减幅。若信用证规定有特定的增减幅度或使用第三十条a款提到的用语限定数量，则该减幅不适用。

Article 31 Partial Drawings or Shipments

第三十一条 分批支款或分批装运

a. Partial drawings or shipments are allowed.

a.允许分批支款或分批装运

b. A presentation consisting of more than one set of transport documents evidencing shipment commencing on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey, provided they indicate the same destination, will not be regarded as covering a partial shipment, even if they indicate different dates of shipment or different ports of loading, places of taking in charge or dispatch. If the presentation consists of more than one set of transport documents, the latest date of shipment as evidenced on any of the sets of transport documents will be regarded as the date of shipment.

b.表明使用同一运输工具并经由同次航程运输的数套运输单据在同一次提交时，只要显示相同目的地，将不视为部分发运，即使运输单据上标明的发运日期不通或装卸港、接管地或发送地点不同。如果交单由数套运输单据构成，其中最晚的一个发运日将被视为发运日。

A presentation consisting of one or more sets of transport documents evidencing shipment on more than one means of conveyance within the same mode of transport will be regarded as covering a partial shipment, even if the means of conveyance leave on the same day for the same destination.

含有一套或数套运输单据的交单，如果表明在同一种运输方式下经由数件运输工具运输，即使运输工具在同一天出发运往同一目的地，仍将被视为部分发运。

c. A presentation consisting of more than one courier receipt, post receipt or certificate of posting will not be regarded as a partial shipment if the courier receipts, post receipts or certificates of posting appear to have been stamped or signed by the same courier or postal service at the same place and date and for the same destination.

c.含有一份以上快递收据、邮政收据或投邮证明的交单，如果单据看似由同一块地或邮政机构在同一地点和日期加盖印戳或签字并且表明同一目的地，将不视为部分发运。

Article 32 Instalment Drawings or Shipments

第三十二条 分期支款或分期装运

If a drawing or shipment by instalments within given periods is stipulated in the credit and any instalment is not drawn or shipped within the period allowed for that instalment, the credit ceases to be available for that and any subsequent instalment.

如信用证规定在指定的时间段内分期支款或分期发运，任何一期未按信用证规定期限支取或发运时，信用证对该期及以后各期均告失效。

Article 33 Hours of Presentation

第三十三条 交单时间

A bank has no obligation to accept a presentation outside of its banking hours.

银行在其营业时间外无接受交单的义务。

Article 34 Disclaimer on Effectiveness of Documents

第三十四条 关于单据有效性的免责

A bank assumes no liability or responsibility for the form, sufficiency, accuracy, genuineness, falsification or legal effect of any document, or for the general or particular conditions stipulated in a document or superimposed thereon; nor does it assume any liability or responsibility for the description, quantity, weight, quality, condition, packing, delivery, value or existence of the goods, services or other performance represented by any document, or for the good faith or acts or omissions, solvency, performance or standing of the consignor, the carrier, the forwarder, the consignee or the insurer of the goods or any other person.

银行对任何单据的形式、充分性、准确性、内容真实性、虚假性或法律效力，或对单据中规定或添加的一般或特殊条件，概不负责；银行对任何单据所代表的货物、服务或其他履约行为的描述、数量、重量、品质、状况、包装、交付、价值或其存在与否，或对发货人、承运人、货运代理人、收货人、货物的保险人或其他任何人的诚信与否，作为或不作为、清偿能力、履约或资信状况，也概不负责。

Article 35 Disclaimer on Transmission and Translation

第三十五条 关于信息传递和翻译的免责

A bank assumes no liability or responsibility for the consequences arising out of delay, loss in transit, mutilation or other errors arising in the transmission of any messages or delivery of letters or documents, when such messages, letters or documents are transmitted or sent according to the requirements stated in the credit, or when the bank may have taken the initiative in the choice of the delivery service in the absence of such instructions in the credit.

当报文、信件或单据按照信用证的要求传输或发送时，或当信用证未作指示，银行自行选择传送服务时，银行对报文传输或信件或单据的递送过程中发生的延误、中途遗失、残缺或其他错误产生的后果，概不负责。

If a nominated bank determines that a presentation is complying and forwards the documents to the issuing bank or confirming bank, whether or not the nominated bank has honoured or negotiated, an issuing bank or confirming bank must honour or negotiate, or reimburse that nominated bank, even when the documents have been lost in transit between the nominated bank and the issuing bank or confirming bank, or between the confirming bank and the issuing bank.

如果指定银行确定交单相符并将单据发往开证行或保兑行。无论指定的银行是否已经承付或议付，开证行或保兑行必须承付或议付，或偿付指定银行，即使单据在指定银行送往开证行或保兑行的途中，或保兑行送往开证行的途中丢失。

A bank assumes no liability or responsibility for errors in translation or interpretation of technical terms and may transmit credit terms without translating them.

银行对技术术语的翻译或解释上的错误，不负责任，并可不加翻译地传送信用证条款。

Article 36 Force Majeure

第三十六条 不可抗力

A bank assumes no liability or responsibility for the consequences arising out of the interruption of its business by Acts of God, riots, civil commotions, insurrections, wars, acts of terrorism, or by any strikes or lockouts or any other causes beyond its control.

银行对由于天灾、暴动、骚乱、叛乱、战争、恐怖主义行为或任何罢工、停工或其无法控制的任何其他原因导致的营业中断的后果，概不负责。

A bank will not, upon resumption of its business, honour or negotiate under a credit that expired during such interruption of its business.

银行恢复营业时，对于在营业中断期间已逾期的信用证，不再进行承付或议付。

Article 37 Disclaimer for Acts of an Instructed Party

第三十七条 关于被指示方行为的免责

a. A bank utilizing the services of another bank for the purpose of giving effect to the instructions of the applicant does so for the account and at the risk of the applicant.

a.为了执行申请人的指示，银行利用其他银行的服务，其费用和风险由申请人承担。

b. An issuing bank or advising bank assumes no liability or responsibility should the instructions it transmits to another bank not be carried out, even if it has taken the initiative in the choice of that other bank.

b.即使银行自行选择了其他银行，如果发出指示未被执行，开证行或通知行对此亦不负责。

c. A bank instructing another bank to perform services is liable for any commissions, fees, costs or expenses (“charges”) incurred by that bank in connection with its instructions.

c.指示另一银行提供服务的银行有责任负担被执释放因执行指示而发生的任何佣金、手续费、成本或开支（“费用”）。

If a credit states that charges are for the account of the beneficiary and charges cannot be collected or deducted from proceeds, the issuing bank remains liable for payment of charges.

如果信用证规定费用由受益人负担，而该费用未能收取或从信用证款项中扣除，开证行依然承担支付此费用的责任。

A credit or amendment should not stipulate that the advising to a beneficiary is conditional upon the receipt by the advising bank or second advising bank of its charges.

信用证或其修改不应规定向受益人的通知以通知行或第二通知行收到其费用为条件。

d. The applicant shall be bound by and liable to indemnify a bank against all obligations and responsibilities imposed by foreign laws and usages.

d.外国法律和惯例加诸于银行的一切义务和责任，申请人应受其约束，并就此对银行负补偿之责。

Article 38 Transferable Credits

第三十八条 可转让信用证

a. A bank is under no obligation to transfer a credit except to the extent and in the manner expressly consented to by that bank.

a. 银行无办理转让信用证的义务，除非该银行明确同意其转让范围和转让方式。

b. For the purpose of this article: 

b. 就本条款而言：

Transferable credit means a credit that specifically states it is “transferable”. A transferable credit may be made available in whole or in part to another beneficiary (“second beneficiary”) at the request of the beneficiary (“first beneficiary”).

转让信用证意指明确表明其“可以转让”的信用证。根据受益人（“第一受益人”）的请求，转让信用证可以被全部或部分地转让给其他受益人（“第二受益人”）。

Transferring bank means a nominated bank that transfers the credit or, in a credit available with any bank, a bank that is specifically authorized by the issuing bank to transfer and that transfers the credit. An issuing bank may be a transferring bank.

转让银行意指办理信用证转让的被指定银行，或者，在适用于任何银行的信用证中，转让银行是由开证行特别授权并办理转让信用证的银行。开证行也可担任转让银行。

Transferred credit means a credit that has been made available by the transferring bank to a second beneficiary.

转让信用证意指经转让银行办理转让后可供第二受益人使用的信用证。

c. Unless otherwise agreed at the time of transfer, all charges (such as commissions, fees, costs or expenses) incurred in respect of a transfer must be paid by the first beneficiary.

c. 除非转让时另有约定，所有因办理转让而产生的费用（诸如佣金、手续费、成本或开支）必须由第一受益人支付。

d. A credit may be transferred in part to more than one second beneficiary provided partial drawings or shipments are allowed.

d. 倘若信用证允许分批支款或分批装运，信用证可以被部分地转让给一个以上的第二受益人。

A transferred credit cannot be transferred at the request of a second beneficiary to any subsequent beneficiary. The first beneficiary is not considered to be a subsequent beneficiary.

第二受益人不得要求将信用证转让给任何次序位居其后的其他受益人。第一受益人不属于此类其他受益人之列。

e. Any request for transfer must indicate if and under what conditions amendments may be advised to the second beneficiary. The transferred credit must clearly indicate those conditions.

e. 任何有关转让的申请必须指明是否以及在何种条件下可以将修改通知第二受益人。转让信用证必须明确指明这些条件。

f. If a credit is transferred to more than one second beneficiary, rejection of an amendment by one or more second beneficiary does not invalidate the acceptance by any other second beneficiary, with respect to which the transferred credit will be amended accordingly. For any second beneficiary that rejected the amendment, the transferred credit will remain unamended.

f. 如果信用证被转让给一个以上的第二受益人，其中一个或多个第二受益人拒绝接受某个信用证修改并不影响其他第二受益人接受修改。对于接受修改的第二受益人而言，信用证已做相应的修改；对于拒绝接受修改的第二受益人而言，该转让信用证仍未被修改。

g. The transferred credit must accurately reflect the terms and conditions of the credit, including confirmation, if any, with the exception of:

g. 转让信用证必须准确转载原证的条款及条件，包括保兑（如有），但下列项目除外：

- the amount of the credit,

-信用证金额，

- any unit price stated therein,

-信用证规定的任何单价，

- the expiry date,

-到期日，

- the period for presentation, or

-单据提示期限

- the latest shipment date or given period for shipment,

-最迟装运日期或规定的装运期间。

any or all of which may be reduced or curtailed. 

以上任何一项或全部均可减少或缩短。

The percentage for which insurance cover must be effected may be increased to provide the amount of cover stipulated in the credit or these articles.

必须投保的保险金额的投保比例可以增加，以满足原信用证或本惯例规定的投保金额。

The name of the first beneficiary may be substituted for that of the applicant in the credit.

可以用第一受益人的名称替换原信用证中申请人的名称。

If the name of the applicant is specifically required by the credit to appear in any document other than the invoice, such requirement must be reflected in the transferred credit.

如果原信用证特别要求开证申请人名称应在除发票以外的任何单据中出现时，则转让信用证必须反映出该项要求。

h. The first beneficiary has the right to substitute its own invoice and draft, if any, for those of a second beneficiary for an amount not in excess of that stipulated in the credit, and upon such substitution the first beneficiary can draw under the credit for the difference, if any, between its invoice and the invoice of a second beneficiary.

h. 第一受益人有权以自己的发票和汇票（如有），替换第二受益人的发票和汇票（如有），其金额不得超过原信用证的金额。在如此办理单据替换时，第一受益人可在原信用证项下支取自己发票与第二受益人发票之间产生的差额（如有）。

i. If the first beneficiary is to present its own invoice and draft, if any, but fails to do so on first demand, or if the invoices presented by the first beneficiary create discrepancies that did not exist in the presentation made by the second beneficiary and the first beneficiary fails to correct them on first demand, the transferring bank has the right to present the documents as received from the second beneficiary to the issuing bank, without further responsibility to the first beneficiary.

i. 如果第一受益人应当提交其自己的发票和汇票（如有），但却未能在收到第一次要求时照办；或第一受益人提交的发票导致了第二受益人提示的单据中本不存在的不符点，而其未能在收到第一次要求时予以修正，则转让银行有权将其从第二受益人处收到的单据向开证行提示，并不再对第一受益人负责。

j. The first beneficiary may, in its request for transfer, indicate that honour or negotiation is to be effected to a second beneficiary at the place to which the credit has been transferred, up to and including the expiry date of the credit. This is without prejudice to the right of the first beneficiary in accordance with sub-article 38 (h).

j. 第一受益人可以在其提出转让申请时，表明可在信用证被转让的地点，在原信用证的到期日之前（包括到期日）向第二受益人予以兑付或议付。本条款并不损害第一受益人在第三十八条（h）款下的权利。

k. Presentation of documents by or on behalf of a second beneficiary must be made to the transferring bank.

ｋ．由第二受益人或代表第二受益人提交的单据必须向转让银行提示。

Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds

第三十九条 款项让渡

The fact that a credit is not stated to be transferable shall not affect the right of the beneficiary to assign any proceeds to which it may be or may become entitled under the credit, in accordance with the provisions of applicable law. This article relates only to the assignment of proceeds and not to the assignment of the right to perform under the credit. 

信用证未表明可转让，并不影响受益人根据所适用的法律规定，将其在该信用证项下有权获得的款项让渡与他人的权利。本条款所涉及的仅是款项的让渡，而不是信用证项下执行权力的让渡。

第十九条 至少包括两种不同运输方式的运输单据

a. A transport document covering at least two different modes of transport (multimodal or combined transport document), however named, must appear to:

a. 至少包括两种不同运输方式的运输单据（即多式运输单据或联合运输单据），不论其称谓如何，必须在表明上看来：

i. indicate the name of the carrier and be signed by:

i. 显示承运人名称并由下列人员签署：

• the carrier or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier, or

  承运人或承运人的具名代理或代表，或

• the master or a named agent for or on behalf of the master.

  船长或船长的具名代理或代表。

Any signature by the carrier, master or agent must be identified as that of the carrier, master or agent.

承运人、船长或代理的任何签字必须分别表明承运人、船长或代理的身份。

Any signature by an agent must indicate whether the agent has signed for or on behalf of the carrier or for or on behalf of the master.

代理的签字必须显示其是否作为承运人或船长的代理或代表签署提单。

ii. indicate that the goods have been dispatched, taken in charge or shipped on board at the place stated in the credit, by:

ii. 通过下述方式表明货物已在信用证规定的地点发运、接受监管或装载

• pre-printed wording, or

预先印就的措词，或

• a stamp or notation indicating the date on which the goods have been dispatched, taken in charge or shipped on board.

注明货物已发运、接受监管或装载日期的图章或批注。

The date of issuance of the transport document will be deemed to be the date of dispatch, taking in charge or shipped on board, and the date of shipment. However, if the transport document indicates, by stamp or notation, a date of dispatch, taking in charge or shipped on board, this date will be deemed to be the date of shipment.

运输单据的出具日期将被视为发运、接受监管或装载以及装运日期。然而，如果运输单据以盖章或批注方式标明发运、接受监管或装载日期，则此日期将被视为装运日期。

iii. indicate the place of dispatch, taking in charge or shipment and the place of final destination stated in the credit, even if: 

iii. 显示信用证中规定的发运、接受监管或装载地点以及最终目的地的地点，即使：

a. the transport document states, in addition, a different place of dispatch, taking in charge or shipment or place of final destination, or

a. 运输单据另外显示了不同的发运、接受监管或装载地点或最终目的地的地点，或

b. the transport document contains the indication "intended" or similar qualification in relation to the vessel, port of loading or port of discharge.

b. 运输单据包含“预期”或类似限定有关船只、装货港或卸货港的指示。

iv. be the sole original transport document or, if issued in more than one original, be the full set as indicated on the transport document.

iv. 系仅有的一份正本运输单据，或者，如果出具了多份正本运输单据，应是运输单据中显示的全套正本份数。

v. contain terms and conditions of carriage or make reference to another source containing the terms and conditions of carriage (short form or blank back transport document). Contents of terms and conditions of carriage will not be examined.

v. 包含承运条件须参阅包含承运条件条款及条件的某一出处（简式或背面空白的运输单据）者，银行对此类承运条件的条款及条件内容不予审核。

vi. contain no indication that it is subject to a charter party.

vi. 未注明运输单据受租船合约约束。

b. For the purpose of this article, transhipment means unloading from one means of conveyance and reloading to another means of conveyance (whether or not in different modes of transport) during the carriage from the place of dispatch, taking in charge or shipment to the place of final destination stated in the credit.

b. 就本条款而言，转运意指货物在信用证中规定的发运、接受监管或装载地点到最终目的地的运输过程中，从一个运输工具卸下并重新装载到另一个运输工具上（无论是否为不同运输方式）的运输。

c. i. A transport document may indicate that the goods will or may be transhipped provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same transport document.

c. i. 只要同一运输单据包括运输全程，则运输单据可以注明货物将被转运或可被转运。.

ii. A transport document indicating that transhipment will or may take place is acceptable, even if the credit prohibits transhipment.

ii. 即使信用证禁止转运，银行也将接受注明转运将发生或可能发生的运输单据。

Article 20 Bill of Lading

第二十条 提单

a. A bill of lading, however named, must appear to:

a. 无论其称谓如何，提单必须表面上看来：

i. indicate the name of the carrier and be signed by:

i. 显示承运人名称并由下列人员签署：

• the carrier or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier, or

承运人或承运人的具名代理或代表，或

• the master or a named agent for or on behalf of the master.

船长或船长的具名代理或代表。

Any signature by the carrier, master or agent must be identified as that of the carrier, master or agent.

承运人、船长或代理的任何签字必须分别表明其承运人、船长或代理的身份。

Any signature by an agent must indicate whether the agent has signed for or on behalf of the carrier or for or on behalf of the master. 

代理的签字必须显示其是否作为承运人或船长的代理或代表签署提单。

ii. indicate that the goods have been shipped on board a named vessel at the port of loading stated in the credit by:

ii. 通过下述方式表明货物已在信用证规定的装运港装载上具名船只：

• pre-printed wording, or

预先印就的措词，或

• an on board notation indicating the date on which the goods have been shipped on board.

注明货物已装船日期的装船批注。

The date of issuance of the bill of lading will be deemed to be the date of shipment unless the bill of lading contains an on board notation indicating the date of shipment, in which case the date stated in the on board notation will be deemed to be the date of shipment.

提单的出具日期将被视为装运日期，除非提单包含注明装运日期的装船批注，在此情况下，装船批注中显示的日期将被视为装运日期。

If the bill of lading contains the indication "intended vessel" or similar qualification in relation to the name of the vessel, an on board notation indicating the date of shipment and the name of the actual vessel is required.

如果提单包含"预期船"字样或类似有关限定船只的词语时，装上具名船只必须由注明装运日期以及实际装运船只名称的装船批注来证实。

iii.   indicate shipment from the port of loading to the port of discharge stated in the credit.

iii. 注明装运从信用证中规定的装货港至卸货港。

If the bill of lading does not indicate the port of loading stated in the credit as the port of loading, or if it contains the indication “intended” or similar qualification in relation to the port of loading, an on board notation indicating the port of loading as stated in the credit, the date of shipment and the name of the vessel is required. This provision applies even when loading on board or shipment on a named vessel is indicated by pre-printed wording on the bill of lading.

如果提单未注明以信用证中规定的装货港作为装货港，或包含“预期”或类似有关限定装货港的标注者，则需要提供注明信用证中规定的装货港、装运日期以及船名的装船批注。即使提单上已注明印就的“已装船”或“已装具名船只”措词，本规定仍然适用。

iv. be the sole original bill of lading or, if issued in more than one original, be the full set as indicated on the bill of lading.

iv. 系仅有的一份正本提单，或者，如果出具了多份正本，应是提单中显示的全套正本份数。

iv. contain terms and conditions of carriage or make reference to another source containing the terms and conditions of carriage (short form or blank back bill of lading). Contents of terms and conditions of carriage will not be examined.

Iv. 包含承运条件须参阅包含承运条件条款及条件的某一出处（简式或背面空白的提单）者，银行对此类承运条件的条款及条件内容不予审核。

vi. contain no indication that it is subject to a charter party.

vi. 未注明运输单据受租船合约约束。

b. For the purpose of this article, transhipment means unloading from one vessel and reloading to another vessel during the carriage from the port of loading to the port of discharge stated in the credit.

b. 就本条款而言，转运意指在信用证规定的装货港到卸货港之间的海运过程中，将货物由一艘船卸下再装上另一艘船的运输。

c. i. A bill of lading may indicate that the goods will or may be transhipped provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same bill of lading. 

c. i. 只要同一提单包括运输全程，则提单可以注明货物将被转运或可被转运。

ii. A bill of lading indicating that transhipment will or may take place is acceptable, even if the credit prohibits transhipment, if the goods have been shipped in a container, trailer or LASH barge as evidenced by the bill of lading.

ii. 银行可以接受注明将要发生或可能发生转运的提单。即使信用证禁止转运，只要提单上证实有关货物已由集装箱、拖车或子母船运输，银行仍可接受注明将要发生或可能发生转运的提单。

d. Clauses in a bill of lading stating that the carrier reserves the right to tranship will be disregarded.

d. 对于提单中包含的声明承运人保留转运权利的条款，银行将不予置理。

Article 21 Non-Negotiable Sea Waybill

第二十一条 非转让海运单

a. A non-negotiable sea waybill, however named, must appear to:

a. 无论其称谓如何，非转让海运单必须表面上看来：

i. indicate the name of the carrier and be signed by:

i. 显示承运人名称并由下列人员签署：

• the carrier or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier, or

承运人或承运人的具名代理或代表，或

• the master or a named agent for or on behalf of the master.

船长或船长的具名代理或代表。

Any signature by the carrier, master or agent must be identified as that of the carrier, master or agent.

承运人、船长或代理的任何签字必须分别表明其承运人、船长或代理的身份。

Any signature by an agent must indicate whether the agent has signed for or on behalf of the carrier or for or on behalf of the master.

代理的签字必须显示其是否作为承运人或船长的代理或代表签署提单。

ii. indicate that the goods have been shipped on board a named vessel at the port of loading stated in the credit by:

ii. 通过下述方式表明货物已在信用证规定的装运港装载上具名船只：

• pre-printed wording, or

预先印就的措词，或

• an on board notation indicating the date on which the goods have been shipped on board.

注明货物已装船日期的装船批注。

The date of issuance of the non-negotiable sea waybill will be deemed to be the date of shipment unless the non-negotiable sea waybill contains an on board notation indicating the date of shipment, in which case the date stated in the on board notation will be deemed to be the date of shipment.

非转让海运单的出具日期将被视为装运日期，除非非转让海运单包含注明装运日期的装船批注，在此情况下，装船批注中显示的日期将被视为装运日期。

If the non-negotiable sea waybill contains the indication "intended vessel" or similar qualification in relation to the name of the vessel, an on board notation indicating the date of shipment and the name of the actual vessel is required.

如果非转让海运单包含"预期船"字样或类似有关限定船只的词语时，装上具名船只必须由注明装运日期以及实际装运船只名称的装船批注来证实。

iii. indicate shipment from the port of loading to the port of discharge stated in the credit.

iii. 注明装运从信用证中规定的装货港至卸货港。

If the non-negotiable sea waybill does not indicate the port of loading stated in the credit as the port of loading, or if it contains the indication “intended” or similar qualification in relation to the port of loading, an on board notation indicating the port of loading as stated in the credit, the date of shipment and the name of the vessel is required. This provision applies even when loading on board or shipment on a named vessel is indicated by pre-printed wording on the non-negotiable sea waybill.

如果非转让海运单未注明以信用证中规定的装货港作为装货港，或包含“预期”或类似有关限定装货港的标注者，则需要提供注明信用证中规定的装货港、装运日期以及船名的装船批注。即使非转让海运单上已注明印就的“已装船”或“已装具名船只”措词，本规定仍然适用。

iv. be the sole original non-negotiable sea waybill or, if issued in more than one original, be the full set as indicated on the non-negotiable sea waybill.

iv. 系仅有的一份正本非转让海运单，或者，如果出具了多份正本，应是非转让海运单中显示的全套正本份数。

v. contain terms and conditions of carriage or make reference to another source containing the terms and conditions of carriage (short form or blank back non-negotiable sea waybill). Contents of terms and conditions of carriage will not be examined.

v. 包含承运条件须参阅包含承运条件条款及条件的某一出处（简式或背面空白的提单）者，银行对此类承运条件的条款及条件内容不予审核。

vi. contain no indication that it is subject to a charter party.

vi. 未注明运输单据受租船合约约束。

b. For the purpose of this article, transhipment means unloading from one vessel and reloading to another vessel during the carriage from the port of loading to the port of discharge stated in the credit.

b. 就本条款而言，转运意指在信用证规定的装货港到卸货港之间的海运过程中，将货物由一艘船卸下再装上另一艘船的运输。

c. i. A non-negotiable sea waybill may indicate that the goods will or may be transhipped provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same non-negotiable sea waybill.

c. i. 只要同一非转让海运单包括运输全程，则非转让海运单可以注明货物将被转运或可被转运。

ii. A non-negotiable sea waybill indicating that transhipment will or may take place is acceptable, even if the credit prohibits transhipment, if the goods have been shipped in a container, trailer or LASH barge子母船 as evidenced by the non-negotiable sea waybill.

ii. 银行可以接受注明将要发生或可能发生转运的非转让海运单。即使信用证禁止转运，只要非转让海运单上证实有关货物已由集装箱、拖车或子母船运输，银行仍可接受注明将要发生或可能发生转运的非转让海运单。

d. Clauses in a non-negotiable sea waybill stating that the carrier reserves the right to tranship will be disregarded.

d. 对于非转让海运单中包含的声明承运人保留转运权利的条款，银行将不予置理。

Article 22 Charter Party Bill of Lading

第二十二条 租船合约提单

a. A bill of lading, however named, containing an indication that it is subject to a charter party (charter party bill of lading), must appear to:

a. 无论其称谓如何，倘若提单包含有提单受租船合约约束的指示（即租船合约提单），则必须在表面上看来：

i. be signed by:

i. 由下列当事方签署：

• the master or a named agent for or on behalf of the master, or

船长或船长的具名代理或代表，或

• the owner or a named agent for or on behalf of the owner, or

船东或船东的具名代理或代表，或

• the charterer or a named agent for or on behalf of the charterer.

租船主或租船主的具名代理或代表。

Any signature by the master, owner, charterer or agent must be identified as that of the master, owner, charterer or agent. 

船长、船东、租船主或代理的任何签字必须分别表明其船长、船东、租船主或代理的身份。

Any signature by an agent must indicate whether the agent has signed for or on behalf of the master, owner or charterer.

代理的签字必须显示其是否作为船长、船东或租船主的代理或代表签署提单。

An agent signing for or on behalf of the owner or charterer must indicate the name of the owner or charterer.

代理人代理或代表船东或租船主签署提单时必须注明船东或租船主的名称。

ii. indicate that the goods have been shipped on board a named vessel at the port of loading stated in the credit by:

ii. 通过下述方式表明货物已在信用证规定的装运港装载上具名船只：

• pre-printed wording, or

预先印就的措词，或

• an on board notation indicating the date on which the goods have been shipped on board.

注明货物已装船日期的装船批注。

The date of issuance of the charter party bill of lading will be deemed to be the date of shipment unless the charter party bill of lading contains an on board notation indicating the date of shipment, in which case the date stated in the on board notation will be deemed to be the date of shipment.

租船合约提单的出具日期将被视为装运日期，除非租船合约提单包含注明装运日期的装船批注，在此情况下，装船批注中显示的日期将被视为装运日期。

iii. indicate shipment from the port of loading to the port of discharge stated in the credit. The port of discharge may also be shown as a range of ports or a geographical area, as stated in the credit.

iii. 注明货物由信用证中规定的装货港运输至卸货港。卸货港可以按信用证中的规定显示为一组港口或某个地理区域。

iv. be the sole original charter party bill of lading or, if issued in more than one original, be the full set as indicated on the charter party bill of lading.

iv. 系仅有的一份正本租船合约提单，或者，如果出具了多份正本，应是租船合约提单中显示的全套正本份数。

b. A bank will not examine charter party contracts, even if they are required to be presented by the terms of the credit.

b. 即使信用证中的条款要求提交租船合约，银行也将对该租船合约不予审核。

Article 23 Air Transport Document

第二十三条 空运单据

a. An air transport document, however named, must appear to:

a. 无论其称谓如何，空运单据必须在表面上看来：

i. indicate the name of the carrier and be signed by:

i. 注明承运人名称并由下列当事方签署：

• the carrier, or

承运人，或

• a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier.

承运人的具名代理或代表。

Any signature by the carrier or agent must be identified as that of the carrier or agent.

承运人或代理的任何签字必须分别表明其承运人或代理的身份。

Any signature by an agent must indicate that the agent has signed for or on behalf of the carrier.

代理的签字必须显示其是否作为承运人的代理或代表签署空运单据。

ii. indicate that the goods have been accepted for carriage.

ii. 注明货物已收妥待运。

iii. indicate the date of issuance. This date will be deemed to be the date of shipment unless the air transport document contains a specific notation of the actual date of shipment, in which case the date stated in the notation will be deemed to be the date of shipment.

iii. 注明出具日期。这一日期将被视为装运日期，除非空运单据包含注有实际装运日期的专项批注，在此种情况下，批注中显示的日期将被视为装运日期。

Any other information appearing on the air transport document relative to the flight number and date will not be considered in determining the date of shipment.

空运单据显示的其它任何与航班号和起飞日期有关的信息不能被视为装运日期。

iv. indicate the airport of departure and the airport of destination stated in the credit.

Iv．表明信用证规定的起飞机场和目的地机场

v. be the original for consignor or shipper, even if the credit stipulates a full set of originals.

v.为开给发货人或拖运人的正本，即使信用证规定提交全套正本。

vi. contain terms and conditions of carriage or make reference to another source containing the terms and conditions of carriage. Contents of terms and conditions of carriage will not be examined.

Vi.载有承运条款和条件，或提示条款和条件参见别处。银行将不审核承运条款和条件的内容

b. For the purpose of this article, transhipment means unloading from one aircraft and reloading to another aircraft during the carriage from the airport of departure to the airport of destination stated in the credit.

b.就本条而言，转运是指在信用证规定的起飞机场到目的地机场的运输过程中，将货物从一飞机卸下再装上另一飞机的行为。

c. i. An air transport document may indicate that the goods will or may be transhipped, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air transport document.

c.i.空运单据可以注明货物将要或可能转运，只要全程运输由同一空运单据涵盖。

ii. An air transport document indicating that transhipment will or may take place is acceptable, even if the credit prohibits transhipment.

ii.即使信用证禁止转运，注明将要或可能发生转运的空运单据仍可接受。

Article 24 Road, Rail or Inland Waterway Transport Documents

第二十四条公路、铁路或内陆水运单据

a. A road, rail or inland waterway transport document, however named, must appear to:

a.公路、铁路或内陆水运单据，无论名称如何，必须看似：

i. indicate the name of the carrier and:

i．表明承运人名称，并且

• be signed by the carrier or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier, or

。由承运人或其具名代理人签署，或者

• indicate receipt of the goods by signature, stamp or notation by the carrier or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier.

。由承运人或其具名代理人以签字、印戳或批注表明货物收讫。

Any signature, stamp or notation of receipt of the goods by the carrier or agent must be identified as that of the carrier or agent.

承运人或其具名代理人的售货签字、印戳或批注必须标明其承运人或代理人的身份。

Any signature, stamp or notation of receipt of the goods by the agent must indicate that the agent has signed or acted for or on behalf of the carrier.

代理人的收获签字、印戳或批注必须标明代理人系代表承运人签字或行事。

If a rail transport document does not identify the carrier, any signature or stamp of the railway company will be accepted as evidence of the document being signed by the carrier.

如果铁路运输单据没有指明承运人，可以接受铁路运输公司的任何签字或印戳作为承运人签署单据的证据。

ii. indicate the date of shipment or the date the goods have been received for shipment, dispatch or carriage at the place stated in the credit. Unless the transport document contains a dated reception、stamp, an indication of the date of receipt or a date of shipment, the date of issuance of the transport document will be deemed to be the date of shipment.

ii.表明货物在信用证规定地点的发运日期，或者收讫代运或代发送的日期。运输单据的出具日期将被视为发运日期，除非运输单据上盖有带日期的收货印戳，或注明了收货日期或发运日期。

iii. indicate the place of shipment and the place of destination stated in the credit.

Iii．表明信用证规定的发运地及目的地。

b. i. A road transport document must appear to be the original for consignor or shipper or bear no marking indicating for whom the document has been prepared.

b.i.公路运输单据必须看似为开给发货人或托运人的正本，或没有认可标记表明单据开给何人。

ii. A rail transport document marked “duplicate” will be accepted as an original.

ii.注明“第二联”的铁路运输单据将被作为正本接受。

iii. A rail or inland waterway transport document will be accepted as an original whether marked as an original or not.

iii.无论是否注明正本字样，铁路或内陆水运单据都被作为正本接受。

c. In the absence of an indication on the transport document as to the number of originals issued, the number presented will be deemed to constitute a full set.

c.如运输单据上未注明出具的正本数量，提交的分数即视为全套正本。

d. For the purpose of this article, transhipment means unloading from one means of conveyance and reloading to another means of conveyance, within the same mode of transport, during the carriage from the place of shipment, dispatch or carriage to the place of destination stated in the credit.

d.就本条而言，转运是指在信用证规定的发运、发送或运送的地点到目的地之间的运输过程中，在同一运输方式中从一运输工具卸下再装上另一运输工具的行为。

e. i. A road, rail or inland waterway transport document may indicate that the goods will or may be transhipped provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same transport document.

e.i.只要全程运输由同一运输单据涵盖，公路、铁路或内陆水运单据可以注明货物将要或可能被转运。

ii. A road, rail or inland waterway transport document indicating that transhipment will or may take place is acceptable, even if the credit prohibits transhipment.

ii.即使信用证禁止转运，注明将要或可能发生转运的公路、铁路或内陆水运单据仍可接受。

Article 25 Courier Receipt, Post Receipt or Certificate of Posting

第二十五条 快递收据、邮政收据或投邮证明

a. A courier receipt, however named, evidencing receipt of goods for transport, must appear to: 

a.证明货物收讫待运的快递收据，无论名称如何，必须看似：

i. indicate the name of the courier service and be stamped or signed by the named courier service at the place from which the credit states the goods are to be shipped; and

i.表明快递机构的名称，并在信用证规定的货物发运地点由该具名快递机构盖章或签字；并且

ii. indicate a date of pick-up or of receipt or wording to this effect. This date will be deemed to be the date of shipment.

ii.表明取件或收件的日期或类似词语。该日期将被视为发运日期。

b. A requirement that courier charges are to be paid or prepaid may be satisfied by a transport document issued by a courier service evidencing that courier charges are for the account of a party other than the consignee.

b.如果要求显示快递费用付讫或预付，快递机构出具的表明快递费由收货人以外的一方支付的运输单据可以满足该项要求。

c. A post receipt or certificate of posting, however named, evidencing receipt of goods for transport, must appear to be stamped or signed and dated at the place from which the credit states the goods are to be shipped. This date will be deemed to be the date of shipment.

c.证明货物收讫待运的邮政收据或投邮证明，无论名称如何，必须看似在信用证规定的货物发运地点盖章或签署并注明日期。该日期将被视为发运日期。

Article 26 "On Deck", "Shipper's Load and Count", “Said by Shipper to Contain” and Charges Additional to Freight

第二十六条 “货装舱面”、“托运人装载和计数”、“内容据托运人报称”及运费之外的费用

a. A transport document must not indicate that the goods are or will be loaded on deck. A clause on a transport document stating that the goods may be loaded on deck is acceptable.

a.运输单据不得表明货物装于或者将装于舱面。声明货物可能被装于舱面的运输单据条款可以接受。

b. A transport document bearing a clause such as "shipper's load and count" and "said by shipper to contain" is acceptable.

b.载有诸如“托运人装载和计数”或“内容据托运人报称”条款的运输单据可以接受。

c. A transport document may bear a reference, by stamp or otherwise, to charges additional to the freight.

c.运输单据上可以以印戳或其他方式提及运费之外的费用。

Article 27 Clean Transport Document

第二十七条 清洁运输单据

A bank will only accept a clean transport document. A clean transport document is one bearing no clause or notation expressly declaring a defective condition of the goods or their packaging. The word “clean” need not appear on a transport document, even if a credit has a requirement for that transport document to be “clean on board”.

银行只接受清洁运输单据。清洁运输单据指未载有明确宣称货物或包装有缺陷的条款或批注的运输单据。“清洁”一词并不需要在运输单据上出现，即使信用证要求运输单据为“清洁已装船”的。

Article 28 Insurance Document and Coverage

第二十八条 保险单据及保险范围

a. An insurance document, such as an insurance policy, an insurance certificate or a declaration under an open cover, must appear to be issued and signed by an insurance company, an underwriter or their agents or their proxies.

a.保险单据，例如保险单或预约保险项下的保险证明书或者声明书，必须看似由保险公司或承保人或其代理人或代表出具并签署。

Any signature by an agent or proxy must indicate whether the agent or proxy has signed for or on behalf of the insurance company or underwriter.

代理人或代表的签字必须标明其系代表保险公司或承保人签字。

b. When the insurance document indicates that it has been issued in more than one original, all originals must be presented.

b.如果保险单据表明其以多份正本出具，所有正本均须提交。

c. Cover notes will not be accepted.

c.暂保单将不被接受。

d. An insurance policy is acceptable in lieu of an insurance certificate or a declaration under an open cover.

d.可以接受保险单代替预约保险项下的保险证明书或声明书。

e. The date of the insurance document must be no later than the date of shipment, unless it appears from the insurance document that the cover is effective from a date not later than the date of shipment.

e.保险单据日期不得晚于发运日期，除非保险单据表明保险责任不迟于发运日生效。

f. i. The insurance document must indicate the amount of insurance coverage and be in the same currency as the credit.

f.i.保险单据必须表明投保金额并以与信用证相同的货币表示。

ii. A requirement in the credit for insurance coverage to be for a percentage of the value of the goods, of the invoice value or similar is deemed to be the minimum amount of coverage required.

Ii．信用证对于投保金额为货物价值、发票金额或类似金额的某一比例的要求，将被视为对最低保额的要求。

If there is no indication in the credit of the insurance coverage required, the amount of insurance coverage must be at least 110% of the CIF or CIP value of the goods.

如果信用证对投保金额未作规定，投保金额须至少为货物的CIF或CIP价格的110%。

When the CIF or CIP value cannot be determined from the documents, the amount of insurance coverage must be calculated on the basis of the amount for which honour or negotiation is requested or the gross value of the goods as shown on the invoice, whichever is greater.

如果从单据中不能确定CIF或者CIP价格，投保金额必须基于要求承付或议付的金额，或者基于发票上显示的货物总值来计算，两者之中取金额较高者。

iii. The insurance document must indicate that risks are covered at least between the place of taking in charge or shipment and the place of discharge or final destination as stated in the credit.

iii.保险单据须标明承包的风险区间至少涵盖从信用证规定的货物监管地或发运地开始到卸货地或最终目的地为止。

g. A credit should state the type of insurance required and, if any, the additional risks to be covered. An insurance document will be accepted without regard to any risks that are not covered if the credit uses imprecise terms such as “usual risks” or “customary risks”.

g.信用证应规定所需投保的险别及附加险（如有的话）。如果信用证使用诸如“通常风险”或“惯常风险”等含义不确切的用语，则无论是否有漏保之风险，保险单据将被照样接受。

h. When a credit requires insurance against “all risks” and an insurance document is presented containing any “all risks” notation or clause, whether or not bearing the heading “all risks”, the insurance document will be accepted without regard to any risks stated to be excluded.

h.当信用证规定投保“一切险”时，如保险单据载有任何“一切险”批注或条款，无论是否有“一切险”标题，均将被接受，即使其声明任何风险除外。

i. An insurance document may contain reference to any exclusion clause.

i.保险单据可以援引任何除外责任条款 。

j. An insurance document may indicate that the cover is subject to a franchise or excess (deductible).  

j.保险单据可以注明受免赔率或免赔额（减除额）约束。

《跟单信用证统一惯例（UCP600）》

Article 1 Application of UCP

第一条 统一惯例的适用范围

The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600 (“UCP”) are rules that apply to any documentary credit (“credit”) (including, to the extent to which they may be applicable, any standby letter of credit) when the text of the credit expressly indicates that it is subject to these rules. They are binding on all parties thereto unless expressly modified or excluded by the credit.

跟单信用证统一惯例，2007年修订本，国际商会第600号出版物，适用于所有在正文中标明按本惯例办理的跟单信用证（包括本惯例适用范围内的备用信用证）。除非信用证中另有规定，本惯例对一切有关当事人均具有约束力。

Article 2 Definitions

第二条 定义

For the purpose of these rules:

就本惯例而言：

Advising bank means the bank that advises the credit at the request of the issuing bank.

通知行意指应开证行要求通知信用证的银行。

Applicant means the party on whose request the credit is issued.

申请人意指发出开立信用证申请的一方。

Banking day means a day on which a bank is regularly open at the place at which an act subject to these rules is to be performed.

银行日意指银行在其营业地正常营业，按照本惯例行事的行为得以在银行履行的日子。

Beneficiary means the party in whose favour a credit is issued.

受益人意指信用证中受益的一方。

Complying presentation means a presentation that is in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit, the applicable provisions of these rules and international standard banking practice.

相符提示意指与信用证中的条款及条件、本惯例中所适用的规定及国际标准银行实务相一致的提示。

Confirmation means a definite undertaking of the confirming bank, in addition to that of the issuing bank, to honour or negotiate a complying presentation.

保兑意指保兑行在开证行之外对于相符提示做出兑付或议付的确定承诺。

Confirming bank means the bank that adds its confirmation to a credit upon the issuing bank’s authorization or request.

保兑行意指应开证行的授权或请求对信用证加具保兑的银行。

Credit means any arrangement, however named or described, that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to honour a complying presentation.

信用证意指一项约定，无论其如何命名或描述，该约定不可撤销并因此构成开证行对于相符提示予以兑付的确定承诺。

Honour means:

a. to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment.

b. to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment.

c. to accept a bill of exchange (“draft”) drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity if the credit is available by acceptance.

兑付意指：

a. 对于即期付款信用证即期付款。

b. 对于延期付款信用证发出延期付款承诺并到期付款。

c. 对于承兑信用证承兑由受益人出具的汇票并到期付款。

Issuing bank means the bank that issues a credit at the request of an applicant or on its own behalf. 

开证行意指应申请人要求或代表其自身开立信用证的银行。

Negotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts (drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank) and/or documents under a complying presentation, by advancing or agreeing to advance funds to the beneficiary on or before the banking day on which reimbursement is due to(to be paid the nominated bank.

议付意指被指定银行在其应获得偿付的银行日或在此之前，通过向受益人预付或者同意向受益人预付款项的方式购买相符提示项下的汇票（汇票付款人为被指定银行以外的银行）及/或单据。

Nominated bank means the bank with which the credit is available or any bank in the case of a credit available with any bank.

被指定银行意指有权使用信用证的银行，对于可供任何银行使用的信用证而言，任何银行均为被指定银行。

Presentation means either the delivery of documents under a credit to the issuing bank or nominated bank or the documents so delivered.

提示意指信用证项下单据被提交至开证行或被指定银行，抑或按此方式提交的单据。

Presenter means a beneficiary, bank or other party that makes a presentation.

提示人意指做出提示的受益人、银行或其他一方。

Article 3 Interpretations

第三条 释义

For the purpose of these rules:

就本惯例而言：

Where applicable, words in the singular include the plural and in the plural include the singular.

在适用的条款中，词汇的单复数同义。

A credit is irrevocable even if there is no indication to that effect.

信用证是不可撤销的，即使信用证中对此未作指示也是如此。

A document may be signed by handwriting, facsimile signature, perforated signature, stamp, symbol or any other mechanical or electronic method of authentication.

单据可以通过手签、签样印制、穿孔签字、盖章、符号表示的方式签署，也可以通过其它任何机械或电子证实的方法签署。

A requirement for a document to be legalized, visaed, certified or similar will be satisfied by any signature, mark, stamp or label on the document which appears to satisfy that requirement.

当信用证含有要求使单据合法、签证、证实或对单据有类似要求的条件时，这些条件可由在单据上签字、标注、盖章或标签来满足，只要单据表面已满足上述条件即可。

Branches of a bank in different countries are considered to be separate banks.

一家银行在不同国家设立的分支机构均视为另一家银行。

Terms such as "first class", "well known", "qualified", "independent", "official", "competent" or "local" used to describe the issuer of a document allow any issuer except the beneficiary to issue that document.

诸如"第一流"、"著名"、"合格"、"独立"、"正式"、"有资格"、"当地"等用语用于描述单据出单人的身份时，单据的出单人可以是除受益人以外的任何人 。

Unless required to be used in a document, words such as "prompt", "immediately" or "as soon as possible" will be disregarded.

除非确需在单据中使用，银行对诸如"迅速"、"立即"、"尽快"之类词语将不予置理。

The expression "on or about" or similar will be interpreted as a stipulation that an event is to occur during a period of five calendar days before until five calendar days after the specified date, both start and end dates included.

"于或约于"或类似措辞将被理解为一项约定，按此约定，某项事件将在所述日期前后各五天内发生，起迄日均包括在内。

The words "to", "until", "till", “from” and “between” when used to determine a period of shipment include the date or dates mentioned, and the words “before” and "after" exclude the date mentioned. 

词语"×月×日止"（to）、"至×月×日"（until）、"直至×月×日"(till) 、"从×月×日"(from) 及“在X月X日至X月X日之间”(between) 用于确定装运期限时，包括所述日期。词语“X月X日之前”(before) 及“X月X日之后”(after) 不包括所述日期。

The words “from” and "after" when used to determine a maturity date exclude the date mentioned.

词语“从X月X日”（from）以及“X月X日之后”(after) 用于确定到期日时不包括所述日期。

The terms "first half" and "second half" of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th and the 16th to the last day of the month, all dates inclusive.

术语"上半月"和"下半月"应分别理解为自每月"1日至15日"和"16日至月末最后一天"，包括起迄日期。

The terms "beginning", "middle" and "end" of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th and the 21st to the last day of the month, all dates inclusive.

术语"月初"、"月中"和"月末"应分别理解为每月1日至10日、11日至20日和21日至月末最后一天，包括起迄日期。

Article 4 Credits v. Contracts

第四条 信用证与合同

a. A credit by its nature is a separate transaction from the sale or other contract on which it may be based. Banks are in no way concerned with or bound by such contract, even if any reference whatsoever to it is included in the credit. Consequently, the undertaking of a bank to honour, to negotiate or to fulfil any other obligation under the credit is not subject to claims or defences by the applicant resulting from its relationships with the issuing bank or the beneficiary.

A beneficiary can in no case avail itself of the contractual relationships existing between banks or between the applicant and the issuing bank.

a. 就性质而言，信用证与可能作为其依据的销售合同或其它合同，是相互独立的交易。即使信用证中提及该合同，银行亦与该合同完全无关，且不受其约束。因此，一家银行作出兑付、议付或履行信用证项下其它义务的承诺，并不受申请人与开证行之间或与受益人之间在已有关系下产生的索偿或抗辩的制约。

受益人在任何情况下，不得利用银行之间或申请人与开证行之间的契约关系。

b. An issuing bank should discourage any attempt by the applicant to include, as an integral part of the credit, copies of the underlying contract, proforma invoice and the like.

b. 开证行应劝阻申请人将基础合同、形式发票或其它类似文件的副本作为信用证整体组成部分的作法。

Article 5 Documents v. Goods, Services or Performance

第五条 单据与货物／服务／行为　　

Banks deal with documents and not with goods, services or performance to which the documents may relate .

银行处理的是单据，而不是单据所涉及的货物、服务或其它行为。

Article 6 Availability, Expiry Date and Place for Presentation

第六条 有效性、有效期限及提示地点

a. A credit must state the bank with which it is available or whether it is available with any bank. A credit available with a nominated bank is also available with the issuing bank.

a. 信用证必须规定可以有效使用信用证的银行，或者信用证是否对任何银行均为有效。对于被指定银行有效的信用证同样也对开证行有效。

b. A credit must state whether it is available by sight payment, deferred payment, acceptance or negotiation.

b. 信用证必须规定它是否适用于即期付款、延期付款、承兑抑或议付。

c. A credit must not be issued available by a draft drawn on the applicant.

c.不得开立包含有以申请人为汇票付款人条款的信用证。

d. i. A credit must state an expiry date for presentation. An expiry date stated for honour or negotiation will be deemed to be an expiry date for presentation. 

d. i 信用证必须规定提示单据的有效期限。规定的用于兑付或者议付的有效期限将被认为是提示单据的有效期限。

ii. The place of the bank with which the credit is available is the place for presentation. The place for presentation under a credit available with any bank is that of any bank. A place for presentation other than that of the issuing bank is in addition to the place of the issuing bank.

ii. 可以有效使用信用证的银行所在的地点是提示单据的地点。对任何银行均为有效的信用证项下单据提示的地点是任何银行所在的地点。不同于开证行地点的提示单据的地点是开证行地点之外提交单据的地点。

e. Except as provided in sub-article 29 (a), a presentation by or on behalf of the beneficiary must be made on or before the expiry date.

e. 除非如29(a)中规定，由受益人或代表受益人提示的单据必须在到期日当日或在此之前提交。

Article 7 Issuing Bank Undertaking

第七条 开证行的承诺

a. Provided that the stipulated documents are presented to the nominated bank or to the issuing bank and that they constitute a complying presentation, the issuing bank must honour if the credit is available by:

倘若规定的单据被提交至被指定银行或开证行并构成相符提示，开证行必须按下述信用证所适用的情形予以兑付：

i. sight payment, deferred payment or acceptance with the issuing bank;

i. 由开证行即期付款、延期付款或者承兑；

ii. sight payment with a nominated bank and that nominated bank does not pay;

ii. 由被指定银行即期付款而该被指定银行未予付款；

iii. deferred payment with a nominated bank and that nominated bank does not incur its deferred payment undertaking or, having incurred its deferred payment undertaking, does not pay at maturity;

iii. 由被指定银行延期付款而该被指定银行未承担其延期付款承诺，或者虽已承担延期付款承诺但到期未予付款；

iv. acceptance with a nominated bank and that nominated bank does not accept a draft drawn on it or, having accepted a draft drawn on it, does not pay at maturity;

iv. 由被指定银行承兑而该被指定银行未予承兑以其为付款人的汇票，或者虽已承兑以其为付款人的汇票但到期未予付款；

v. negotiation with a nominated bank and that nominated bank does not negotiate.

v. 由被指定银行议付而该被指定银行未予议付。

b. An issuing bank is irrevocably bound to honour as of the time it issues the credit.

b. 自信用证开立之时起，开证行即不可撤销地受到兑付责任的约束。

c. An issuing bank undertakes to reimburse a nominated bank that has honoured or negotiated a complying presentation and forwarded the documents to the issuing bank. Reimbursement for the amount of a complying presentation under a credit available by acceptance or deferred payment is due at maturity, whether or not the nominated bank prepaid or purchased before maturity. An issuing bank's undertaking to reimburse a nominated bank is independent of the issuing bank’s undertaking to the beneficiary.

c. 开证行保证向对于相符提示已经予以兑付或者议付并将单据寄往开证行的被指定银行进行偿付。无论被指定银行是否于到期日前已经对相符提示予以预付或者购买，对于承兑或延期付款信用证项下相符提示的金额的偿付于到期日进行。开证行偿付被指定银行的承诺独立于开证行对于受益人的承诺。

Article 8 Confirming Bank Undertaking

第八条 保兑行的承诺

a. Provided that the stipulated documents are presented to the confirming bank or to any other nominated bank and that they constitute a complying presentation, the confirming bank must:

a. 倘若规定的单据被提交至保兑行或者任何其他被指定银行并构成相符提示，保兑行必须：

i. honour, if the credit is available by：

i. 兑付，如果信用证适用于：

a. sight payment, deferred payment or acceptance with the confirming bank;

a. 由保兑行即期付款、延期付款或者承兑；

b. sight payment with another nominated bank and that nominated bank does not pay;

b. 由另一家被指定银行即期付款而该被指定银行未予付款；

c. deferred payment with another nominated bank and that nominated bank does not incur its deferred payment undertaking or, having incurred its deferred payment undertaking, does not pay at maturity;

c. 由另一家被指定银行延期付款而该被指定银行未承担其延期付款承诺，或者虽已承担延期付款承诺但到期未予付款；

d. acceptance with another nominated bank and that nominated bank does not accept a draft drawn on it or, having accepted a draft drawn on it, does not pay at maturity;

d. 由另一家被指定银行承兑而该被指定银行未予承兑以其为付款人的汇票，或者虽已承兑以其为付款人的汇票但到期未予付款；

e. negotiation with another nominated bank and that nominated bank does not negotiate.

e. 由另一家被指定银行议付而该被指定银行未予议付。

ii. negotiate, without recourse无追索权, if the credit is available by negotiation with the confirming bank.

ii. 若信用证由保兑行议付，无追索权地议付。

b. A confirming bank is irrevocably bound to honour or negotiate as of the time it adds its confirmation to the credit.

b. 自为信用证加具保兑之时起，保兑行即不可撤销地受到兑付或者议付责任的约束。

c. A confirming bank undertakes to reimburse another nominated bank that has honoured or negotiated a complying presentation and forwarded the documents to the confirming bank. Reimbursement for the amount of a complying presentation under a credit available by acceptance or deferred payment is due at maturity, whether or not another nominated bank prepaid or purchased before maturity. A confirming bank's undertaking to reimburse another nominated bank is independent of the confirming bank’s undertaking to the beneficiary.

c. 保兑行保证向对于相符提示已经予以兑付或者议付并将单据寄往开证行的另一家被指定银行进行偿付。无论另一家被指定银行是否于到期日前已经对相符提示予以预付或者购买，对于承兑或延期付款信用证项下相符提示的金额的偿付于到期日进行。保兑行偿付另一家被指定银行的承诺独立于保兑行对于受益人的承诺。

d. If a bank is authorized or requested by the issuing bank to confirm a credit but is not prepared to do so, it must inform the issuing bank without delay and may advise the credit without confirmation.

d. 如开证行授权或要求另一家银行对信用证加具保兑，而该银行不准备照办时，它必须不延误地告知开证行并仍可通知此份未经加具保兑的信用证。

Article 9 Advising of Credits and Amendments

第九条 信用证及修改的通知

a. A credit and any amendment may be advised to a beneficiary through an advising bank. An advising bank that is not a confirming bank advises the credit and any amendment without any undertaking to honour or negotiate. a. 信用证及其修改可以通过通知行通知受益人。除非已对信用证加具保兑，通知行通知信用证不构成兑付或议付的承诺。

b. By advising the credit or amendment, the advising bank signifies that it has satisfied itself as to the apparent authenticity of the credit or amendment and that the advice accurately reflects the terms and conditions of the credit or amendment received.

b. 通过通知信用证或修改，通知行即表明其认为信用证或修改的表面真实性得到满足，且通知准确地反映了所收到的信用证或修改的条款及条件。

c. An advising bank may utilize the services of another bank (“second advising bank”) to advise the credit and any amendment to the beneficiary. By advising the credit or amendment, the second advising bank signifies that it has satisfied itself as to the apparent authenticity of the advice it has received and that the advice accurately reflects the terms and conditions of the credit or amendment received.

c. 通知行可以利用另一家银行的服务（“第二通知行”）向受益人通知信用证及其修改。通过通知信用证或修改，第二通知行即表明其认为所收到的通知的表面真实性得到满足，且通知准确地反映了所收到的信用证或修改的条款及条件。

d. A bank utilizing the services of an advising bank or second advising bank to advise a credit must use the same bank to advise any amendment thereto.

d. 如一家银行利用另一家通知行或第二通知行的服务将信用证通知给受益人，它也必须利用同一家银行的服务通知修改书。

e. If a bank is requested to advise a credit or amendment but elects not to do so, it must so inform, without delay, the bank from which the credit, amendment or advice has been received.

e. 如果一家银行被要求通知信用证或修改但决定不予通知，它必须不延误通知向其发送信用证、修改或通知的银行。

f. If a bank is requested to advise a credit or amendment but cannot satisfy itself as to the apparent authenticity of the credit, the amendment or the advice, it must so inform, without delay, the bank from which the instructions appear to have been received. If the advising bank or second advising bank elects nonetheless to advise the credit or amendment, it must inform the beneficiary or second advising bank that it has not been able to satisfy itself as to the apparent authenticity of the credit, the amendment or the advice.

f. 如果一家被要求通知信用证或修改，但不能确定信用证、修改或通知的表面真实性，就必须不延误地告知向其发出该指示的银行。如果通知行或第二通知行仍决定通知信用证或修改，则必须告知受益人或第二通知行其未能核实信用证、修改或通知的表面真实性。

Article 10 Amendments

第十条 修改

a. Except as otherwise provided by article 38, a credit can neither be amended nor cancelled without the agreement of the issuing bank, the confirming bank, if any, and the beneficiary.

a. 除本惯例第38条另有规定外，凡未经开证行、保兑行（如有）以及受益人同意，信用证既不能修改也不能撤销。

b. An issuing bank is irrevocably bound by an amendment as of the time it issues the amendment. A confirming bank may extend its confirmation to an amendment and will be irrevocably bound as of the time it advises the amendment. A confirming bank may, however, choose to advise an amendment without extending its confirmation and, if so, it must inform the issuing bank without delay and inform the beneficiary in its advice.

b. 自发出信用证修改书之时起，开证行就不可撤销地受其发出修改的约束。保兑行可将其保兑承诺扩展至修改内容，且自其通知该修改之时起，即不可撤销地受到该修改的约束。然而，保兑行可选择仅将修改通知受益人而不对其加具保兑，但必须不延误地将此情况通知开证行和受益人。

c. The terms and conditions of the original credit (or a credit incorporating previously accepted amendments) will remain in force for the beneficiary until the beneficiary communicates its acceptance of the amendment to the bank that advised such amendment. The beneficiary should give notification of acceptance or rejection of an amendment. If the beneficiary fails to give such notification, a presentation that complies with the credit and to any not yet accepted amendment will be deemed to be notification of acceptance by the beneficiary of such amendment. As of that moment the credit will be amended.

c. 在受益人向通知修改的银行表示接受该修改内容之前，原信用证（或包含先前已被接受修改的信用证）的条款和条件对受益人仍然有效。受益人应发出接受或拒绝接受修改的通知。如受益人未提供上述通知，当其提交至被指定银行或开证行的单据与信用证以及尚未表示接受的修改的要求一致时，则该事实即视为受益人已作出接受修改的通知，并从此时起，该信用证已被修改。

d. A bank that advises an amendment should inform the bank from which it received the amendment of any notification of acceptance or rejection.

d. 通知修改的银行应当通知向其发出修改书的银行任何有关接受或拒绝接受修改的通知。

e. Partial acceptance of an amendment is not allowed and will be deemed to be notification of rejection of the amendment.

e. 不允许部分接受修改，部分接受修改将被视为拒绝接受修改的通知。

f. A provision in an amendment to the effect that the amendment shall enter into force unless rejected by the beneficiary within a certain time shall be disregarded.

f. 修改书中作出的除非受益人在某一时间内拒绝接受修改，否则修改将开始生效的条款将被不予置理。

Article 11 Teletransmitted and Pre-Advised Credits and Amendments

第十一条 电讯传递与预先通知的信用证和修改

a. An authenticated teletransmission of a credit or amendment will be deemed to be the operative credit or amendment, and any subsequent mail confirmation shall be disregarded.

If a teletransmission states "full details to follow" (or words of similar effect), or states that the mail confirmation is to be the operative credit or amendment, then the teletransmission will not be deemed to be the operative credit or amendment. The issuing bank must then issue the operative credit or amendment without delay in terms not inconsistent with the teletransmission.

a. 经证实的信用证或修改的电讯文件将被视为有效的信用证或修改，任何随后的邮寄证实书将被不予置理。

若该电讯文件声明"详情后告"（或类似词语）或声明随后寄出的邮寄证实书将是有效的信用证或修改，则该电讯文件将被视为无效的信用证或修改。开证行必须随即不延误地开出有效的信用证或修改，且条款不能与与电讯文件相矛盾。

b. A preliminary advice of the issuance of a credit or amendment (“pre-advice”) shall only be sent if the issuing bank is prepared to issue the operative credit or amendment. An issuing bank that sends a pre-advice is irrevocably committed to issue the operative credit or amendment, without delay, in terms not inconsistent with the pre-advice.

b. 只有准备开立有效信用证或修改的开证行，才可以发出开立信用证或修改预先通知书。发出预先通知的开证行应不可撤销地承诺将不延误地开出有效的信用证或修改，且条款不能与预先通知书相矛盾。

Article 12 Nomination

第十二条 指定

a. Unless a nominated bank is the confirming bank, an authorization to honour or negotiate does not impose any obligation on that nominated bank to honour or negotiate, except when expressly agreed to by that nominated bank and so communicated to the beneficiary.

a. 除非一家被指定银行是保兑行，对被指定银行进行兑付或议付的授权并不构成其必须兑付或议付的义务，被指定银行明确同意并照此通知受益人的情形除外。

b. By nominating a bank to accept a draft or incur a deferred payment undertaking, an issuing bank authorizes that nominated bank to prepay or purchase a draft accepted or a deferred payment undertaking incurred by that nominated bank.

b. 通过指定一家银行承兑汇票或承担延期付款承诺，开证行即授权该被指定银行预付或购买经其承兑的汇票或由其承担延期付款的承诺。

c. Receipt or examination and forwarding of documents by a nominated bank that is not a confirming bank does not make that nominated bank liable to honour or negotiate, nor does it constitute honour or negotiation. 

c. 非保兑行身份的被指定银行接受、审核并寄送单据的行为既不使得该被指定银行具有兑付或议付的义务，也不构成兑付或议付。

Article 13 Bank-to-Bank Reimbursement Arrangements

第十三条 银行间偿付约定

a. If a credit states that reimbursement is to be obtained by a nominated bank ("claiming bank") claiming on another party ("reimbursing bank"), the credit must state if the reimbursement is subject to the ICC rules for bank-to-bank reimbursements in effect on the date of issuance of the credit.

a. 如果信用证规定被指定银行（“索偿行”）须通过向另一方银行（“偿付行”）索偿获得偿付，则信用证中必须声明是否按照信用证开立日正在生效的国际商会《银行间偿付规则》办理。

b. If a credit does not state that reimbursement is subject to the ICC rules for bank-to-bank reimbursements, the following apply:

b. 如果信用证中未声明是否按照国际商会《银行间偿付规则》办理，则适用于下列条款：

i. An issuing bank must provide a reimbursing bank with a reimbursement authorization that conforms with the availability stated in the credit. The reimbursement authorization should not be subject to an expiry date.

i. 开证行必须向偿付行提供偿付授权书，该授权书须与信用证中声明的有效性一致。偿付授权书不应规定有效日期。

ii. A claiming bank shall not be required to supply a reimbursing bank with a certificate of compliance with the terms and conditions of the credit.

ii. 不应要求索偿行向偿付行提供证实单据与信用证条款及条件相符的证明。

iii. An issuing bank will be responsible for any loss of interest, together with any expenses incurred, if reimbursement is not provided on first demand by a reimbursing bank in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit.

iii. 如果偿付行未能按照信用证的条款及条件在首次索偿时即行偿付，则开证行应对索偿行的利息损失以及产生的费用负责。

iv. A reimbursing bank's charges are for the account of the issuing bank. However, if the charges are for the account of the beneficiary, it is the responsibility of an issuing bank to so indicate in the credit and in the reimbursement authorization. If a reimbursing bank's charges are for the account of the beneficiary, they shall be deducted from the amount due to a claiming bank when reimbursement is made. If no reimbursement is made, the reimbursing bank's charges remain the obligation of the issuing bank.

iv. 偿付行的费用应由开证行承担。然而，如果费用系由受益人承担，则开证行有责任在信用证和偿付授权书中予以注明。如偿付行的费用系由受益人承担，则该费用应在偿付时从支付索偿行的金额中扣除。如果未发生偿付，开证行仍有义务承担偿付行的费用。

c. An issuing bank is not relieved of any of its obligations to provide reimbursement if reimbursement is not made by a reimbursing bank on first demand.

c. 如果偿付行未能于首次索偿时即行偿付，则开证行不能解除其自身的偿付责任。

Article 14 Standard for Examination of Documents

第十四条 审核单据的标准

a. A nominated bank acting on its nomination, a confirming bank, if any, and the issuing bank must examine a presentation to determine, on the basis of the documents alone, whether or not the documents appear on their face to constitute a complying presentation.

a. 按照指定行事的被指定银行、保兑行（如有）以及开证行必须对提示的单据进行审核，并仅以单据为基础，以决定单据在表面上看来是否构成相符提示。

b. A nominated bank acting on its nomination, a confirming bank, if any, and the issuing bank shall each have a maximum of five banking days following the day of presentation to determine if a presentation is complying. This period is not curtailed or otherwise affected by the occurrence on or after the date of presentation of any expiry date or last day for presentation.

b. 按照指定行事的被指定银行、保兑行（如有）以及开证行，自其收到提示单据的翌日起算，应各自拥有最多不超过五个银行工作日的时间以决定提示是否相符。该期限不因单据提示日适逢信用证有效期或最迟提示期或在其之后而被缩减或受到其它影响。

c. A presentation including one or more original transport documents subject to articles 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 must be made by or on behalf of the beneficiary not later than 21 calendar days after the date of shipment as described in these rules, but in any event not later than the expiry date of the credit.

c. 提示若包含一份或多份按照本惯例第19条、20条、21条、22条、23条、24条或25条出具的正本运输单据，则必须由受益人或其代表按照相关条款在不迟于装运日后的二十一个公历日内提交，但无论如何不得迟于信用证的到期日。

d. Data in a document, when read in context with the credit, the document itself and international standard banking practice, need not be identical to, but must not conflict with, data in that document, any other stipulated document or the credit.

d. 单据中内容的描述不必与信用证、信用证对该项单据的描述以及国际标准银行实务完全一致，但不得与该项单据中的内容、其它规定的单据或信用证相冲突。

e. In documents other than the commercial invoice, the description of the goods, services or performance, if stated, may be in general terms not conflicting with their description in the credit.

e. 除商业发票外，其它单据中的货物、服务或行为描述若须规定，可使用统称，但不得与信用证规定的描述相矛盾。

f. If a credit requires presentation of a document other than a transport document, insurance document or commercial invoice, without stipulating by whom the document is to be issued or its data content, banks will accept the document as presented if its content appears to fulfil the function of the required document and otherwise complies with sub-article 14 (d).

f. 如果信用证要求提示运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据，但未规定该单据由何人出具或单据的内容。如信用证对此未做规定，只要所提交单据的内容看来满足其功能需要且其它方面与十四条（d）款相符，银行将对提示的单据予以接受。

g. A document presented but not required by the credit will be disregarded and may be returned to the presenter.

g. 提示信用证中未要求提交的单据，银行将不予置理。如果收到此类单据，可以退还提示人。

h. If a credit contains a condition without stipulating the document to indicate compliance with the condition, banks will deem such condition as not stated and will disregard it.

h. 如果信用证中包含某项条件而未规定需提交与之相符的单据，银行将认为未列明此条件，并对此不予置理。

i. A document may be dated prior to the issuance date of the credit, but must not be dated later than its date of presentation.

i. 单据的出单日期可以早于信用证开立日期，但不得迟于信用证规定的提示日期。

j. When the addresses of the beneficiary and the applicant appear in any stipulated document, they need not be the same as those stated in the credit or in any other stipulated document, but must be within the same country as the respective addresses mentioned in the credit. Contact details (telefax, telephone, email and the like) stated as part of the beneficiary’s and the applicant’s address will be disregarded. However, when the address and contact details of the applicant appear as part of the consignee or notify party details on a transport document subject to articles 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25, they must be as stated in the credit.

j. 当受益人和申请人的地址显示在任何规定的单据上时，不必与信用证或其它规定单据中显示的地址相同，但必须与信用证中述及的各自地址处于同一国家内。用于联系的资料（电传、电话、电子邮箱及类似方式）如作为受益人和申请人地址的组成部分将被不予置理。然而，当申请人的地址及联系信息作为按照19条、20条、21条、22条、23条、24条或25条出具的运输单据中收货人或通知方详址的组成部分时，则必须按照信用证规定予以显示。

k. The shipper or consignor of the goods indicated on any document need not be the beneficiary of the credit.

k. 显示在任何单据中的货物的托运人或发货人不必是信用证的受益人。

l. A transport document may be issued by any party other than a carrier, owner, master or charterer provided that the transport document meets the requirements of articles 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 of these rules.

假如运输单据能够满足本惯例第19条、20条、21条、22条、23条或24条的要求，则运输单据可以由承运人、船东、船长或租船人以外的任何一方出具。

Article 15 Complying Presentation

第十五条 相符提示

a. When an issuing bank determines that a presentation is complying, it must honour.

a. 当开证行确定提示相符时，就必须予以兑付。

b. When a confirming bank determines that a presentation is complying, it must honour or negotiate and forward the documents to the issuing bank.

b. 当保兑行确定提示相符时，就必须予以兑付或议付并将单据寄往开证行。

c. When a nominated bank determines that a presentation is complying and honours or negotiates, it must forward the documents to the confirming bank or issuing bank.

c. 当被指定银行确定提示相符并予以兑付或议付时，必须将单据寄往保兑行或开证行。

Article 16 Discrepant Documents, Waiver and Notice

第十六条 不符单据及不符点的放弃与通知

a. When a nominated bank acting on its nomination, a confirming bank, if any, or the issuing bank determines that a presentation does not comply, it may refuse to honour or negotiate.

a. 当按照指定行事的被指定银行、保兑行（如有）或开证行确定提示不符时，可以拒绝兑付或议付。

b. When an issuing bank determines that a presentation does not comply, it may in its sole judgement approach the applicant for a waiver of the discrepancies. This does not, however, extend the period mentioned in sub-article 14 (b).

b. 当开证行确定提示不符时，可以依据其独立的判断联系申请人放弃有关不符点。然而，这并不因此延长14条（b）款中述及的期限。

c. When a nominated bank acting on its nomination, a confirming bank, if any, or the issuing bank decides to refuse to honour or negotiate, it must give a single notice to that effect to the presenter.

c. 当按照指定行事的被指定银行、保兑行（如有）或开证行决定拒绝兑付或议付时，必须一次性通知提示人。

The notice must state:

通知必须声明：

i.  that the bank is refusing to honour or negotiate; and

i. 银行拒绝兑付或议付；及

ii. each discrepancy in respect of which the bank refuses to honour or negotiate; and

ii. 银行凭以拒绝兑付或议付的各个不符点；及

iii. a) that the bank is holding the documents pending further instructions from the presenter; or

iii. a) 银行持有单据等候提示人进一步指示；或

b) that the issuing bank is holding the documents until it receives a waiver from the applicant and agrees to accept it, or receives further instructions from the presenter prior to agreeing to accept a waiver; or

b) 开证行持有单据直至收到申请人通知弃权并同意接受该弃权，或在同意接受弃权前从提示人处收到进一步指示；或

c) that the bank is returning the documents; or

c) 银行退回单据；或

d) that the bank is acting in accordance with instructions previously received from the presenter.

d) 银行按照先前从提示人处收到的指示行事。

d. The notice required in sub-article 16 (c) must be given by telecommunication or, if that is not possible, by other expeditious means no later than the close of the fifth banking day following the day of presentation. 

d. 第十六条（c）款中要求的通知必须以电讯方式发出，或者，如果不可能以电讯方式通知时，则以其它快捷方式通知，但不得迟于提示单据日期翌日起第五个银行工作日终了。

e. A nominated bank acting on its nomination, a confirming bank, if any, or the issuing bank may, after providing notice required by sub-article 16 (c) (iii) (a) or (b), return the documents to the presenter at any time.

e. 按照指定行事的被指定银行、保兑行（如有）或开证行可以在提供第十六条（c）款（iii）、（a）款或（b）款要求提供的通知后，于任何时间将单据退还提示人。

f. If an issuing bank or a confirming bank fails to act in accordance with the provisions of this article, it shall be precluded from claiming that the documents do not constitute a complying presentation.

f. 如果开证行或保兑行未能按照本条款的规定行事，将无权宣称单据未能构成相符提示。

g. When an issuing bank refuses to honour or a confirming bank refuses to honour or negotiate and has given notice to that effect in accordance with this article, it shall then be entitled to claim a refund, with interest, of any reimbursement made.

g. 当开证行拒绝兑付或保兑行拒绝兑付或议付，并已经按照本条款发出通知时，该银行将有权就已经履行的偿付索取退款及其利息。

Article 17 Original Documents and Copies

第十七条 正本单据和副本单据

a. At least one original of each document stipulated in the credit must be presented.

a. 信用证中规定的各种单据必须至少提供一份正本。

b. A bank shall treat as an original any document bearing an apparently original signature, mark, stamp, or label of the issuer of the document, unless the document itself indicates that it is not an original.

b. 除非单据本身表明其不是正本，银行将视任何单据表面上具有单据出具人正本签字、标志、图章或标签的单据为正本单据。

c. Unless a document indicates otherwise另外的, a bank will also accept a document as original if it:

c. 除非单据另有显示，银行将接受单据作为正本单据如果该单据：

i. appears to be written, typed, perforated or stamped by the document issuer’s hand; or

i. 表面看来由单据出具人手工书写、打字、穿孔签字或盖章；或

ii. appears to be on the document issuer’s original stationery; or

ii. 表面看来使用单据出具人的正本信笺；或

iii. states that it is original, unless the statement appears not to apply to the document presented.

iii. 声明单据为正本，除非该项声明表面看来与所提示的单据不符。

d. If a credit requires presentation of copies of documents, presentation of either originals or copies is permitted.

d. 如果信用证要求提交副本单据，则提交正本单据或副本单据均可。

e. If a credit requires presentation of multiple documents by using terms such as "in duplicate", "in two fold" or "in two copies", this will be satisfied by the presentation of at least one original and the remaining number in copies, except when the document itself indicates otherwise.

e. 如果信用证使用诸如“一式两份”、“两张”、“两份”等术语要求提交多份单据，则可以提交至少一份正本，其余份数以副本来满足。但单据本身另有相反指示者除外。

Article 18 Commercial Invoice

第十八条 商业发票

a. A commercial invoice:

a. 商业发票：

i. must appear to have been issued by the beneficiary (except as provided in article 38); 

i. 必须在表面上看来系由受益人出具（第三十八条另有规定者除外）；

ii. must be made out in the name of the applicant (except as provided in sub-article 38 (g));

ii. 必须做成以申请人的名称为抬头（第三十八条（g）款另有规定者除外）

iii. must be made out in the same currency as the credit; and

iii. 必须将发票币别作成与信用证相同币种。

iv. need not be signed.

iv. 无须签字。

b. A nominated bank acting on its nomination, a confirming bank, if any, or the issuing bank may accept a commercial invoice issued for an amount in excess of the amount permitted by the credit, and its decision will be binding upon all parties, provided the bank in question has not honoured or negotiated for an amount in excess of that permitted by the credit.

b. 按照指定行事的被指定银行、保兑行（如有）或开证行可以接受金额超过信用证所允许金额的商业发票，倘若有关银行已兑付或已议付的金额没有超过信用证所允许的金额，则该银行的决定对各有关方均具有约束力。

c. The description of the goods, services or performance in a commercial invoice must correspond with that appearing in the credit.

c. 商业发票中货物、服务或行为的描述必须与信用证中显示的内容相符。

Article 19 Transport Document Covering at Least Two Different Modes of Transport

第一课 外汇市场的短期波动

　　国际外汇市场上外汇价格的每天波动幅度大致在0.8%至1.5%之间(即一至两分钱，用外汇市场的术语来说就是100点至200点)，波动幅度大时可达到5%以上(即700点到1000点)。外汇市场上汇率经常性的大起大落说明了外汇市场的两大特征：第一，风险很大；第二，在外汇市场投资

获得巨额利润的可能性存在。对于外汇市场经常出现的短期剧烈波动，经济学上称之为对信息的过分反应(overshooting)。对于什么是外汇市场的过分反应，经济学界始终有争论，目前大致有以下三种解释。

　　第一，外汇的现货价格与外汇汇率的长期均衡价格发生偏离。人们经常在报纸上谈到，某种货币的“汇率目前是被高估的”，或者是某种货币“目前的汇率已远远低于它的合理价格”。这些话所指的就是这种现象。

　　外汇的现货价格过分地偏离外汇的长期均衡价格也可以由多种原因来解释，可能是现货价格太低或太高，也可能是长期的均衡价格被估计得太低或太高。从市场运行本身来看，在投机性资本不充足时(市场上交易量很少)，或在外汇市场上投机性资本过分多的时候(市场交易过热)，现货价格的波动超过它的长期均衡价就不是一种难以理解的现象了。

　　第二，外汇的短期均衡价格波动幅度总是会超过它长期的均衡价格波动幅度。这种解释假设所有会影响外汇市场的因素都会对外汇的价格波动产生作用，但这种作用的生效在时间和渠道上有差别，造成短期均衡价偏离长期均衡价。

　　对于外汇的短期均衡价格偏离长期均衡价格的现象，目前经济学界流行的解释是，当政府扩大货币供应量或降低利率时，市场上物价并不会马上上升，导致实际的货币供应量增加，外汇市场则迅速反应，本国货币的汇价大幅度下跌，使外汇的短期均衡价过分地低于长期均衡价。而当物价在完全消化货币供应量增长因素时会上升，实际的货币供应量会有所下降，外汇的短期均衡价也会逐渐恢复到与长期均衡价趋于一致。

　　第三，外汇市场不是一个有效率的市场，即外汇价格的波动不能充分反映市场在一定时期内出现的全部信息，导致外汇的实际价格经常过分地偏离均衡价格。

　　外汇市场的短期剧烈波动可能是由于市场参与者主观地排斥某些信息，片面地接受或过分地接受某些信息，使外汇价格过分扭曲；也可能是某些影响外汇波动的信息掩盖了其他一些同样重要的信息，造成外汇价格大起大落。其次，如果外汇市场不是一个有效益的市场，就会导致一些纠偏的行为在市场出现，如以牟利为动机的投机者介入市场、需要准确地发布影响市场的信息、政府干预等。这些纠偏的行为有时会使实际价格与均衡价格趋于一致，有时却会进一步扭曲市场的价格波动。

　　从现在外汇市场的实际波动来看，外汇市场在长期可能是一个信息有效率的市场，但在短期却还远远没办法证明。目前对外汇市场每天波动影响最大的是新闻，它包括经济和政治两大类。此外，市场投资者的意愿和心理因素，又常常使这些新闻对外汇市场的影响进一步扩大了。

　　第二课 经济新闻对外汇市场短期波动的影响

　　在影响外汇市场波动的经济新闻中，美国政府公布的关于每月或每季度美国经济统计数据的作用最大，其主要原因是美元是外汇市场交易的最重要的货币。从经济统计数据的内容来看，按作用大小排列可分为利率变化、就业人数的增减、国民生产总值、工业生产、对外贸易、通货膨胀情况等。这种排列并不是绝对的，例如，美国对外贸易的每季度统计数曾是最重要的影响美元走势的数据之一。80年代中期以前，每当美国贸易数字公布前几天，外汇市场就会出现种种猜测和预测，引起外汇市场的剧烈波动。但是在80年代中后期以后，其作用越来越小，原因是市场已真正意识到，目前外汇市场的交易额中，国际贸易额所占的比重仅仅为1%左右。所以，现在美国对外贸易统计数据公布时，外汇市场经常不会对它作出大的反应。

　　1、利率政策

　　在各种经济数据中，各国关于利率的调整以及政府的货币政策动向无疑是最重要的。对外汇汇率和利率的相互关系，本文不做详细介绍，但这里要强调的是，有时政府虽然没有任何表示要改变货币政策，但只要市场有这种期待，或者说其他国家都采取了类似的行动，那么，外汇市场会继续存在这一政府会改变政策的期待，使这一国家的货币汇率出现大幅度波动。例如，1992年下半年，德国奉行反通货膨胀的紧缩性货币政策，德国中央银行一而再、再而三地声明要坚持这一政策，但外汇市场经常流传德国要减息的谣言和猜测，理由是德国的利息已经加到顶了。虽然德国没有任何减息动向，但在英国、法国、丹麦、瑞典等相继减息后，外汇市场又顽固地认为德国会减息，即使年底不减，第二年初也会减。这使马克对美元的汇价在美国与德国的利率差仍然很大的情况下，节节下跌。

　　2、非农就业人口

　　美国关于非农业人口就业人数的增减数和失业率是近几年影响外汇市场短期波动的重要数据。这组数字由美国劳工部在每月的第一个星期五公布。在外汇市场看来，它是美国宏观经济的晴雨表，数字本身的好坏预示着美国经济前景的好坏。因此，在这组数字公布前的一、两天，只要市场上有任何关于这一数字可能不错的风言风语时，美元抛售风就会嘎然而止。较典型的例子是1992年1月上旬的美元对其他外汇的走势。从1991年下半年开始，外汇市场由于对美国经济可能陷入衰退的担忧，开始不断抛美元，使外汇对美元的汇价节节高攀，英镑对美元的汇率从1991年7月的1.60涨到1992年1月初的1.89。1992年1月9日，也就是美国劳工部公布美国前一年12月份非农业就业人口数可能增长10万，致使这一天外汇市场一开市，就有人开始抛外汇买美元，英镑对美元的汇价从1.88跌至1.86，跌幅近200点。经过几个小时后，外汇市场便开始恐慌性地买美元，马克、英镑、瑞士法郎等对美元的汇价出现狂泻，英镑又掉了近600点，跌至1.8050。第二天公布的非农业就业人口数虽仅增长了3万，但这次恐慌改变了以后4个月美元对其他外汇的走势。美元在对美国经济前景看好的前提下，一路上扬，一直到4月份，美国经济情况并不如预期中那么好的事实才被外汇市场所接受，美元从此又开始走下坡路。

　　3、其他经济数据

　　其他一些美国经济统计数据对外汇市场也有影响，这些数据包括工业生产、个人收入、国民生产总值、开工率、库存率、美国经济综合指标的先行指数、新住房开工率、汽车销售数等，但它们与非农业就业人口数相比，对外汇市场的影响要小得多。这些经济指标对外汇市场的影响也有其独特的规律。一般来说，当美元呈一路上扬的“牛”势时，其中任何指标在公布时只要稍好一些，都会被外汇市场用来作为抛外汇买美元的理由，使美元进一步上扬，而指标为负数时，外汇市场有时就对其采取视而不见的态度。同样，当美元呈一路下泻的“熊”势时，任何公布的经济指标为负数时，都会成为外汇市场进一步抛美元的理由。

　　美国、德国等每月公布的批发价、零售价指数的变化情况对外汇市场也有影响，但影响的大小要看特定的条件。一般来说，当市场对某国中央银行存在着减息或加息的期待时，其每月公布的物价指数对外汇市场的敏感性就很强。例如，1992年11月，澳大利亚的澳元对美元的汇率已创近几年的最低点，外汇市场许多人认为澳元已接近谷底，有可能开始反弹了。但市场上也有人根据澳大利亚经济前景暗淡的预测，传言澳大利亚中央银行可能会采取减息的刺激经济措施。这时，澳大利亚政府公布的10月份批发物价上涨率仅为0.1%，为近10多年来的最低水平，外汇市场仿佛找到了其减息期待的依据，当天就出现抛澳元风，使澳元在低谷徘徊。

　　除了经济统计数据之外，其他关于经济活动的报道也会对外汇市场产生很大的影响。外汇价格的变动在很大程度上是外汇市场上的人对外汇波动的期待的反映，换言之，如果人们期待外汇有某一个长期的均衡价格，那么，现货价格的波动就会朝这个价格的方向移动。而这种期待是主观性的东西，它必然会受到客观经济环境的影响。因此，在连续几天没有关于经济活动数据分布的情况下，有关国家货币当局官员的讲话、《华尔街日报》关于外汇市场的有影响力的一篇文章、某研究机构或大企业关于外汇走势的研究报告等，都可能会在某一天造成外汇市场的剧烈波动。这种现象对那些身处外汇市场以外的人来说，似乎很难理解，为什么一个官员的讲话会使美元猛跌或猛涨2至3美分(即200至300点)？如果把人们主观期待的因素考虑在内，这种现象就不难解释了。一个官员的讲话中一篇关于外汇的重要文章仅仅是提供了某种信号，给人们的合理预期起了催化剂的作用，最后导致外汇市场的波动。而波动幅度的大小，就由这些信号在合理预期中的催化剂作用大小来决定。

　　如果市场不认为它是信号，则这种讲话再多，外汇市场的人也会充耳不闻。较典型的例子是英镑在1992年年底的跌势。自1992年9月欧洲货币体系危机以后，外汇市场出现了猛抛英镑风，其原因在于英国经济前景暗淡、英国经济政策不明朗、英国减息期待等多种因素，为了稳定英镑的汇率，英国财政大臣拉蒙特多次发表讲话，表示要稳定英镑汇率，甚至可能以加息来提高英镑的汇价。但每次都只能给英镑的汇率以微弱而短暂的支持，在英镑稍有回弹后，外汇市场就有更多的人抛英镑。

　　三、影响外汇市场短期波动的政治因素

　　与股票、债券等市场相比，外汇市场受政治因素的影响要大得多。当某一件重大国际事件发生时，外汇市场的涨落幅度会经常性地超过股市和债券市场的变化。其主要原因是外汇作为国际性流动的资产，在动荡的政治格局下所面临的风险会比其他资产大；而外汇市场的流动速度快，又进一步使外汇市场在政治局面动荡时更加剧烈地波动。

　　外汇市场的政治风险主要有政局不稳引起经济政策变化、国有化措施等。从具体形式来看，有大选、战争、政变、边界冲突等。从资本安全角度出发，由于美国是当今世界最大的军事强国，其经济也仍处于领先地位，所以，一般政治动荡产生后，美元就会起到“避风港”(safe haven)的作用，会立刻走强。政治事件经常是突发性事件，出乎外汇市场的意料，这又使外汇市场的现货价格异常剧烈地波动，其波动幅度大大超过外汇价格的长期波动幅度。下面选择苏联8.19事件、英国1992年大选和美国攻打伊拉克的“沙漠风暴”计划为例子，说明政治事件对外汇市场短期走势影响的一些规律。

　　1、苏联1991年8.19事件对外汇市场的影响

　　从1991年下半年开始，美元对几乎所有的主要外汇都呈弱势。但是，苏联8.19事件使这走势完全打乱，而事件失败后，又使走势恢复到原来的状态，美元又一路走弱，到第二年1月才止跌回升。

　　外汇市场在苏联8.19事件前后的波动完全说明了美元作为“避风港”货币的作用。在8.19事件发生以前，外汇市场已在流传苏联政局不稳的消息，美元连续7天小涨，但谁也没有预料到会有突发事件发生。到8月19日，当外汇市场所有交易者的计算机屏幕上打出“苏联发生政变”的字样时，便立刻出现一片恐慌性地买美元风。以英镑为例，英镑对美元的汇率在短短的几分钟内从1英镑兑1.6633美元猛跌至1.6130，跌幅达3.1%。第二天，外汇市场又随着弋尔巴乔夫失去联系、发动事件者似乎难以控制局势等消息的不断出现而涨涨落落。到第三天，8.19事件宣告失败，外汇市场立刻抛出美元。同样以英镑为例，英镑对美元的汇率从1.6363美元涨到1.6915，猛涨3.4%，使英镑又同其他外汇一起，开始了对美元的汇价一路上扬的走势。

　　苏联8.19事件期间外汇市场的走势表明，外汇价格的变动有其内在的规律。短期的突发性事件会引起外汇的现货价格明显地背离其长期的均衡价。但是，在事件过后，外汇走势又按照其长期均衡价格的方向移动。一般来说，短期的价格变动至多会修正长期外汇均衡价格的方向，却很难改变或彻底扭转它的长期波动趋势。

　　至于在政治性突发事件发生时，外汇市场的波动幅度的极限有多大，始终是一个有争论的问题。一般认为，在突发性事件发生时，外汇价格的波动完全由市场参与者的心理因素决定，取决于人们对这一事件的承受能力。这种解释在实际运用中说服力不强。但是，技术分析专家却认为，外汇对美元的汇率在突发事件时能跌多少，完全是有规律可循的。以苏联8.19事件为例，英镑对美元的汇价之所以跌至1.6130时止跌回升，完全是因为这一点是近5年来英镑对美元汇率移动平均线的底部，英镑对美元的汇率不太可能一次就穿过这条线，以后苏联8.19事件失败，更说明这一点的支撑作用。

　　2、1992年4月英国大选对外汇市场的影响

　　在英国大选前的一个多月，外汇市场就开始受到这次大选的影响。在大选以前，保守党候选人即现任首相梅杰在民意测验中一直落后于工党候选人尼尔·金诺克。英国的工党在80年代以前执政时曾坚持实行国有化政策，导致资本外流的局面。保守党撒切尔夫人在1979年上任当首相后，花了近10年的时间推行私有化政策，而梅杰上任后也继续执行这一政策。因此，如果金诺克在大选中获胜，就可能意味着英国政府政策的改变。虽然工人出身的金诺克在工党内属保守派，但人们还是担心英国有可能回到国有化政策推行的年代。由于金诺克在民意测验中领先于梅杰，英国的金融界从3月就出现了两种现象，一是资本开始逐渐外流，另一是英镑的汇价逐步下跌。以英镑对马克的汇率为例，英镑的汇价从2月中旬就开始下跌，从2月底的1英镑兑2.96马克逐步跌至4月6日的2.83。

　　英镑是欧洲货币体系的成员货币，它对马克的汇率是由固定但可调节的汇率制决定的，上限在3.1320马克，下限在2.7780马克，中心汇率为2.95。但自从英镑在1990年加入欧洲货币体系后，外汇市场一直认为英镑的汇价是高估的，所以经常在英镑走强时抛英镑。在英国大选到来时，梅杰在民意测验中落后，自然使外汇市场认为英国的政策前景不稳，进一步煽起了市场的抛英镑风，使英镑对马克的汇率向欧洲货币体系规定的底限逼近。

　　大选这一天，英镑在外汇市场出现了剧烈的波动。从英镑对马克的汇率来看，波幅为2%，达600点，即6个芬尼，而且整个一天的波动是很有戏剧性的。在大选前两天，外汇市场由于听到梅杰在民意测验中已接近金诺克的传闻，就已经开始买英镑抛马克等外汇。在大选这一天，金诺克的选票和民意测验结果在一开始仍然领先于梅杰，使外汇市场又大幅度地抛英镑。但没过多久，梅杰的选票就开始节节上升，立刻在外汇市场刮起了抛外汇买英镑的旋风，使英镑对马克的汇价迅速攀升，从2.8477马克猛涨到2.9053。

　　大选结束以后，英镑似乎从此扭转了弱势，成了坚挺的货币。外汇市场总是谈论英国的经济前景看好，流到海外的资本会返回英国，梅杰的胜利表明英国政局的稳定等等。其实，这时的梅杰还是原来当首相的梅杰，而以后一段时期内经常出现英国经济不景气的统计数据。但英镑在以后的近两个月内还是一路上涨。许多预测专家和技术分析专家都预言，英镑对马克的汇价将上升到3.10，去试探欧洲货币体系规定的3.13上限。从图形上来看，英镑对马克的汇价在大选后一直居高不下，但每次冲高时都在2.9500处被弹回，经过近两个月的高处徘徊，英镑对马克的汇价终于在6月份开始下跌。

　　英镑在英国大选前后的走势表明，外汇价格在短期内的过度波动可能会由于市场预期的支持而维持较长时期。在这种预期被打破以前，市场有时会认为短期的均衡价格是一种合理的价格，而预测中的长期均衡价格反而被认为是有偏差的。但是，如果外汇市场的预期始终得不到证实，因意外事件而扭曲的外汇价格走势就会恢复到原来的趋势上去，甚至走得更远。从6月份开始，英镑对马克的汇价一路下跌。在外汇市场证实英国经济前景并不十分乐观时，英镑的弱势就成为大势所趋了。以至在9月份的欧洲货币体系危机后，英镑对马克的汇价直线下降，仿佛如自由落体，迫使英国退出欧洲货币体系，英镑对马克的汇率在10月跌至2.40马克。

　　3、美国攻打伊拉克解放科威特的“沙漠风暴”计划对外汇市场的影响

　　“沙漠风暴”计划也很典型地反映出美元和黄金作为资金的“避风港”作用。世界局势的动荡不安会使美金和黄金大涨，以前人们所说的“大炮一响，黄金万两”应该就是这个意思。

　　外汇市场的许多投资者认为，外汇价格的走势有其一定的规律。但是在“沙漠风暴”计划前后，外汇市场的价格走势忽上忽下，显得非常凌乱。美国进攻伊拉克是1991年1月17日，在这以前的一个月内，外汇市场围绕美国究竟会不会打的猜测，大起大落，很明显地说明了上述特点。每当美国政府要员发表态度强硬的讲话，表示要采取军事行动，美元就会在一天内大涨一波；而外汇市场听到有西欧国家出面调解的传闻，似乎和平解决可望实现时，美元就会下跌一次。在1月17日战争爆发这一天，美元一开始也是猛涨。从英镑对美元的走势来看，英镑跌到过1.8990。但没隔多久，新闻界传来美国已很快控制局势，稳操胜券时，美元的“避风港”作用立刻消失，市场便开始抛售美元，英镑对美元的价格猛涨到1.9353，以后的一个月内便一路上涨。

其实，根据对美国和伊拉克两国的军事实力分析，以及国际上舆论的倾向，任何理智的结论都会认为美国会达到把伊拉克赶出科威特的军事目的。然而，外汇市场并不接受这种逻辑判断，而是根据人们第一产生的心理和期待去寻找价格。只有在事实被人们接受之后，市场价格才会猛然回到原来趋势上去。黄金的美元价格更能说明这一点，在美国向伊拉克进攻后，黄金价格出奇地涨到410美元1盎司，但在美军取绝对优势的消息传出后，黄金又猛泻到373.70美元，期间的跌幅高达9.7%，大大出乎人们的预料，许多市场的小投资者顿时全部被“套”在里面，而且又由于黄金以后又持续下跌，使这部分投资者的损失十分惨重。

　　从任何一种主要外汇对美元的汇率走势10年图中，人们都可以发现这10年国际政治、经济格局的变化情况。由于每次突发事件，每项重要的经济统计数据都会在每天的外汇市场上引起剧烈的波动，使汇率涨跌史成为国际政治经济发展史的缩影这一结论更具有说服力。在外汇市场投资，在把握住外汇走势的长期趋势时，更要十分注意它在短期的波动，只有认清它的短期波动规律，才能在外汇市场立于不败之地。

　　第四课 政府对外汇市场的直接干预

　　1973年以后国际货币体系中实行的浮动汇率制并不是一种彻底浮动汇率制，而是一种所谓肮脏的浮动汇率制，其原因是工业国家中央银行对外汇市场的经常性干预。政府制定的货币政策和财政政策每天都影响着外汇市场的价格波动。工业国家的中央银行对外汇市场不但会透过制定货币政策和财政政策进行间接性的干预，还经常在外汇市场异常剧烈的波动时，直接干预外汇市场。这种政府对外汇市场的直接干预也是影响外汇市场短期走势的重要因素。

　　1、中央银行干预外汇市场的目标

　　自从浮动汇率制推行以来，工业国家的中央银行从来没有对外汇市场采取彻底的放任自流的态度，相反，这些中央银行始终保留相当一部分的外汇储备，其主要目的就是对外汇市场进行直接干预。

　　一般来说，中央银行在外汇市场的价格出现异常大的、或是朝同一方向连续几天剧烈波动时，往往会直接介入市场，通过商业银行进行外汇买卖，以试图缓解外汇市场的剧烈波动。对于中央银行干预外汇市场的原因，理论上可以有很多解释，为大多数人所接受的原因大致有三个。

　　第一，汇率的异常波动常常与国际资本流动有着必然联系，它会导致工业生产和宏观经济发展出现不必要的波动，因此，稳定汇率有助于稳定国民经济和物价。现在国际资本跨国界的流动不但规模很大，而且渠道很多，所受到的人为障碍很小。工业国家从70年代末开始放宽金融方面的规章条例，进一步为国际资本流动提供了方便。在浮动汇率制的条件下，国际资本大规模流动的最直接的结果就是外汇市场的价格浮动。如果大批资本流入德国，则德国马克在外汇市场的汇价就会上升，而如果大批资本流出美国，外汇市场上的美元汇价必然下降。从另一方面来看，如果人们都期待某一国货币的汇率会上升，资本就势必会流向该国。

　　资本流动与外汇市场变化的相关性对一个国家的国民经济产业配置和物价有着重要的影响。例如，当一个国家的资本大量外流，导致本国货币汇价下跌时，或者当人们预计本国货币的汇价会下跌，导致资本外流时，这个国家的产业配置和物价必然出现有利于那些与对外贸易有联系的产业的变动。任何一个国家的产业从对外贸易角度来看，可分为能进行对外贸易的产业和无法进行对外贸易的产业两种。前者如制造业，生产的产品可出口和进口，后者如某些服务业，生产和消费必须在当地进行。当资本流出货币贬值时，能进行对外贸易的产业部门的物价就会上升，如果这一部门工资的上涨速度不是同步的话，追加这一部门的生产就会变得有利可图，出口因此也会增加，但是从国内的产业结构来看，资本就会从非贸易产业流向贸易产业。如果这是一种长期现象，该国的国民经济比例就可能失调。因此，工业国家和中央银行是不希望看到本国货币的汇价长期偏离它认为的均衡价格的。这是中央银行本国货币持续疲软或过分坚挺时直接干预市场的原因之一。

　　资本流动与外汇市场变化的相关性对国民经济的另外一个重要影响在于，大量资本流出会造成本国生产资本形成的成本上升，而大量资本流入又可能造成不必要的通货膨胀压力，影响长期资本投资。美国从80年代初实行紧缩性货币政策与扩张性财政政策，导致大量资本流入，美元汇价逐步上涨，而美国的联邦储备银行(联储会)在1981年和1982年间对外汇市场又彻底采取自由放任的态度。西欧国家为了防止资本外流，在欧洲货币的汇率不断下跌时，被迫经常直接干预外汇市场，并一再要求美国的联储会协助干预。

　　第二，中央银行直接干预外汇市场是为了国内外贸政策的需要。一个国家的货币在外汇市场的价格较低，必然有利于这个国家的出口。而出口问题在许多工业国家已是一个政治问题，它涉及到许多出口行业的就业水平、贸易保护主义情绪、选民对政府态度等许多方面。任何一个中央银行都不希望看到本国外贸顺差是由于本国货币的汇率太低而被其他国家抓住把柄。因此，中央银行为这一目的而干预外汇市场，主要表现在两个方面。

　　中央银行为了保护出口，会在本国货币持续坚挺时直接干预外汇市场。对那些出口在国民经济中占重要比重的国家来说，这样做就更有理由。1992年4月以前，澳元一路看涨，而且涨势平缓。但是，在3月30日澳元对美元的汇率涨到0.77美元时，澳大利亚中央银行立刻在市场上抛澳元买美元。又如，德国是世界制造业出口大国，70年代实行浮动汇率制以后，马克的汇价随着德国经济的强大而一路上扬，为了维持其出口工业在国际上的竞争地位，德国政府极力主张实行欧洲货币体系，以便把马克与欧洲共同体其他成员国的货币固定在一个范围内。

　　从日本中央银行经常干预外汇市场，可以充分看出贸易问题的重要性。80年代以来，日本对美国的贸易顺差每年保持在一个天文数字的水平，1991年为500亿美元，已成为美日关系之间的一个政治问题。1992年是美国大选年，美国国内针对日本的贸易保护主义情绪十分强烈，国会议员仍然在国会里抨击日本对美国的市场封闭。日本中央银行为了缓和美国国内的反日情绪，经常发表讲话，要求日元走强，还不时地查询汇率情况，以表明自己的态度。1992年1月17日，日本中央银行在美元走强的趋势形成时，突然在市场抛日元买美元，使美元对日元的汇率一下子从128.35日元涨到124.05日元。当时日本利率较高，日本政府并无减息意图。对于干预的理由，中央银行只是说希望日元走强。在以后3个星期内，日本中央银行又以同样的方式几次干预外汇市场，抛日元买美元，除了2月7日这一次在图形上较明显外，其余的几次都不十分有效。

　　从国际外汇市场发展史来看，利用本国货币贬值来扩大出口是许多国家在早期经常采取的政策，它被称为“乞邻政策”，在经济不景气时，常引起两国的贸易战。由于现在非关税贸易壁垒名目繁多，这一人为干预外汇市场的政策已很少采用，而且也会明显地引起其他国家的指责。

　　第三，中央银行干预外汇市场是出于抑制国内通货膨胀的考虑。宏观经济模型证明，在浮动汇率制的情况下，如果一个国家的货币汇价长期性地低于均衡价格，在一定时期内会刺激出口，导致外贸顺差，最终却会造成本国物价上涨，工资上涨，形成通货膨胀的压力。在通货膨胀已经较高的时候，这种工资—物价可能出现的循环上涨局面，又会造成人们出现未来的通货膨胀必然也很高的期待，使货币当局的反通货膨胀政策变得很难执行。此外，在一些工业国家，选民往往把本国货币贬值引起的通货膨胀压力作为政府当局宏观经济管理不当的象征。所以，在实行浮动汇率制以后，许多工业国家在控制通货膨胀时，都把本国货币的汇率作为一项严密监视的内容。

　　英镑自80年代以来的波动，很清楚地说明货币贬值与通货膨胀的关系。70年代，几乎所有工业国都陷入两位数的通货膨胀，英镑也在劫难逃。在整个80年代，美国和西欧国家的中央银行都取得明显效果，而英国则效果较差。欧洲货币体系在1979年成立后，英国在撒切尔夫人执政时期出于政治等因素的考虑始终不愿加入，在抑制本国通货膨胀方面也做了很大的努力。在顶了10多年后的1990年，英国终于在梅杰任首相后宣布加入欧洲货币体系。其首要原因就是希望通过欧洲货币体系，把英镑的汇价维持在一个较高的水平，使英国的通货膨胀得到进一步的控制。但是好景不长，1992年欧洲货币体系出现危机，外汇市场猛抛英镑、里拉等，终于导致意大利里拉正式贬值。同样是基于反通货膨胀的考虑，英国政府花了60多亿美元在市场干预，德国中央银行为了维持英镑和里拉的币值，也花了120多亿美元在外汇市场干预。在英镑继续大跌，英镑在欧洲货币体系内贬值的呼声很高的情况下，英国宣布退出欧洲货币体系，而绝不正式将英镑贬值，同时宣布仍要继续执行反通货膨胀的货币政策。

　　2、中央银行干预外汇市场的手段与效益

　　关于什么是中央银行对外汇市场的干预，有一个较为正式的定义。80年代初，美元对所有欧洲国家的货币汇率都呈升势，围绕着工业国家要不要对外汇市场进行干预，1982年6月的凡尔赛工业国家高峰会议决定成立一个由官方经济学家组成的“外汇干预工作小组”，专门研究外汇市场干预问题。1983年，该小组发表了“工作组报告”(又称“杰根森报告”)，其中对干预外汇市场的狭义定义是：“货币当局在外汇市场上的任何外汇买卖，以影响本国货币的汇率”，其途径可以是用外汇储备、中央银行之间调拨，或官方借贷等。其实，要真正认清中央银行干预外汇市场的实质和效果，还必须认清这种干预对该国货币供应及政策的影响。因此，在中央银行干预外汇市场的手段上，可以分为不改变现有货币政策的干预(sterilized intervention，又称“消毒干预”)和改变现有货币政策的干预(no sterilized intervention，又称“不消毒干预”)。所谓不改变政策的干预是指中央银行认为外汇价格的剧烈波动或偏离长期均衡是一种短期现象，希望在不改变现有货币供应量的条件下，改变现有的外汇价格。换言之，一般认为利率变化是汇率变化的关键，而中央银行试图不改变国内的利率而改变本国货币的汇率。

　　中央银行在进行这种干预时可采取双管齐下的手段：

　　(1)中央银行在外汇市场上买进或卖出外汇时，同时在国内债券市场上卖出或买进债券，从而使汇率变而利率不变化。例如，外汇市场上美元对日元的汇价大幅度下跌，日本中央银行想采取支持美元抛出日元，美元成为它的储备货币，而市场上日元流量增加，使日本货币供应量上升，而利率呈下降趋势。为了抵消外汇买卖对国内利率的影响，日本中央银行可在国内债券市场上抛债券，使市场上的日元流通量减少，利率下降的趋势因此而抵消。需要指出的是，国内债券和国际债券的相互替代性越差，中央银行不改变政策的干预就越有效果，否则就没有效果。

　　(2)中央银行在外汇市场上通过查询汇率变化情况、发表声明等，影响汇率的变化，达到干预的效果，它被称为干预外汇市场的“信号反应”。中央银行这样做是希望外汇市场能得到这样的信号：中央银行的货币政策将要发生变化，或者说预期中的汇率将有变化等等。一般来说，外汇市场在初次接受这些信号后总会作出反应。但是，如果中央银行经常靠“信号效应”来干预市场，而这些信号又不全是真的，就会在市场上起到“狼来了”的效果。1978年至1979年卡特政府支持美元的干预，经常被认为是“狼来了”信号效果的例子。而1985年西方五国财政部长和中央银行行长的“广场饭店声明”立刻使美元大跌，就经常被认为是“信号效应”成功的例子。

　　所谓改变政策的外汇市场干预实际上是中央银行货币政策的一种转变，它是指中央银行直接在外汇市场买卖外汇，而听任国内货币供应量和利率朝有利于达到干预目标的方向变化。例如，如果马克在外汇市场上不断贬值，德国中央银行为了支持马克的汇价，它可在市场上抛外汇买马克，由于马克流通减少，德国货币供应下降，利率呈上升趋势，人们就愿意在外汇市场多保留马克，使马克的汇价上升。这种干预方式一般来说非常有效，代价是国内既定的货币政策会受到影响，是中央银行看到本国货币的汇率长期偏离均衡价格时才愿意采取的。

　　判断中央银行的干预是否有效，并不是看中央银行干预的次数多少和所用的金额大小。从中央银行干预外汇的历史至少可以得出以下两个结论。

　　第一，如果外汇市场异常剧烈的波动是因为信息效益差、突发事件、人为投机等因素引起的，而由于这些因素对外汇市场的扭曲经常是短期的，那么，中央银行的干预会十分有效，或者说，中央银行的直接干预至少可能使这种短期的扭曲提前结束。

　　第二，如果一国货币的汇率长期偏高偏低是该国的宏观经济水平、利率和政府货币政策决定的，那么，中央银行的干预从长期来看是无效的。而中央银行之所以坚持进行干预，主要是可能达到以下两个目的：首先，中央银行的干预可缓和本国货币在外汇市场上的跌势或升势，这样可避免外汇市场的剧烈波动对国内宏观经济发展的过分冲击；其次，中央银行的干预在短期内常会有明显的效果，其原因是外汇市场需要一定的时间来消化这种突然出现的政府干预。这给予中央银行一定的时间来重新考虑其货币政策或外汇政策，从而作出适当的调整。

　　3、中央银行干预外汇市场的历史发展

　　从1973年到现在，工业国家的中央银行经常在外汇市场上进行直接干预，其中较大的联合干预约有5次，成功和失败的兼而有之。

　　对1976年—1979年美元弱势的干预在经过1974年至1975年的世界性经济衰退以后，美国的经济仍处于高通货膨胀，高失业率和低经济增长率的处境。卡特政府为了刺激经济，决定采取扩张性的财政政策和货币政策，虽然利率在上涨，但美国的通货膨胀率涨得更快，外汇市场因此开始不断地抛美元，使美元的汇价一路下跌。

　　面对美元的跌势，卡特政府决定干预外汇市场。1978年10月底，卡特政府宣布了一项反通货膨胀的计划，但由于对美国未来的货币政府并没有明确的表示，美元反而在外汇市场上狂泻。面临马克和日元升值的巨大压力，德国和日本两国的中央银行被迫进行不改变自己政策为前提的大规模干预，买美元抛本国货币，但收效甚微。

　　1978年11月1日，卡特总统宣布美元汇价太低，美国财政部和中央银行将直接进行干预。由于前一星期的反通货膨胀计划使外汇市场大失所望，卡特这次宣布的干预包含两项重要的政策转变。第一，货币政策将紧缩。联邦储备银行将把贴现率提高一个百分点，使贴现率达到当时历史高点的9.5%，从而使这次干预包含政策内容。第二，美国中央银行将调用300亿美元干预外汇市场，平稳美元的汇价。其中150亿将从其他中央银行借调，50亿从国际货币基金组织提取和特别提款权的销售，50亿为所谓“卡特债券”(Carter bonds)，即财政部在国外销售的以马克和瑞士法郎记帐的债券。卡特计划宣布后，外汇市场果然受到震动，对其第一项紧缩政策更加警觉。在11月1日上午9:13，美元对马克的汇价立刻比前一天的最低点上升3.25%，达到1.83马克；几分钟后，随着中央银行抛出6,900万马克、1,900万瑞士法郎后，美元继续上升，对马克的汇价又上升1%，对瑞士法郎的汇价也上升到1.567。在针对日元的干预动用了500万美元之后，美元对日元的汇价也跌至187.5日元。在这一天外汇市场收市时，美元对主要外汇的汇价平均上升了7%—10%。

　　在以后的两个星期内，外汇市场仍有抛美元风，以试探美国等中央银行干预市场的决心，但美国联邦储备委员会联合德国、瑞士和日本中央银行，一次又一次地在市场干预。到11月底，美国干预市场的总额达350亿美元，使美元明显回升。但是，到12月初，外汇市场开始怀疑美国是否会真正采取货币紧缩政策，又开始抛美元，使美元再度下跌。美国等中央银行继续大规模干预外汇市场，光是美国就花了310亿美元，但干预的效果已明显下降，到12月底，美元汇价已低于11月的水平。美元的真正走强是1979年10月新的联储会主席保罗·沃尔克上台宣布货币供应控制以后的事。

　　1985年9月工业五国对外汇市场的干预 如果说70年代末美国等中央银行干预外汇市场是一场失败的持久战，1985年9月工业5国对外汇市场的干预则是一场成功的速决战。里根上台后，美元就开始一路走强，到1985年2月25日达到最高点，对马克的汇率高达1美元兑3.4794马克。经过春季和夏季的调整后，美元在该年9月又开始上涨。美国、英国、法国、德国和日本等五国的财政部长与中央银行行长在纽约广场饭店开会讨论外汇干预问题。9月22日星期天，五国发表声明。声明说，五国财长和中央银行行长一致同意，“非美元货币对美元的汇价应该进一步走强”，他们“在有必要时将进一步合作，进行干预”。第二天早上，外汇市场美元便立刻大跌，对马克的汇率从2.7352跌到2.6524马克，跌幅达3%以上。美元从此一路下跌，以至到1986年底，日本和德国的中央银行又被迫采取支持美元的干预措施，收效仍然甚微，美元的跌势到1987年初美元中央银行也参加市场干预时才止住。 1985年9月的干预是否有效，外汇市场存在着争论。有人认为，美元在干预前已经开始走弱，即使中央银行银行不干预，它也会在9月份反弹后继续走弱。但更多的意见认为，这次干预还是有效的。

　　这次干预如果说是成功的话，那就是“信号反应”起的作用。在干预的前后两个星期，汇率大变，而工业国家之间的利率差根本没有变化，一直到10月底，日本在信贷市场上实行紧缩政策，才使利率差开始有真正的变化。但是，这次五国联合至少使外汇市场得到两个强烈信号。首先，这次声明使外汇市场意识到，五个工业国家将会充分协调，竭尽全力地进行更大规模的外汇市场干预。而以后的事实证明，中央银行在干预外汇市场时，确实是那样做的。其次，这次声明意味着美国外汇政策的重大转变。里根政府一开始就奉行让市场自由竞争的自由放任政策，一直听任美元的一路走强，而且对其他国家中央银行干预外汇市场的要求置之不理。这次美国与其他工业国一起参与干预，使外汇市场有理由相信，美国为了与其他工业国家协调，有可能调整货币和宏观经济政策，使美元开始走弱。

　　1992年夏季美国等中央银行对外汇市场的干预 1992年3月中旬开始，外汇市场对期待已久的美国经济复苏再次失望，在德国高利率和美国坚持宽松的货币政策影响下，开始不断抛售美元，致使美元对几乎所有欧洲货币的汇价都一路下跌。美国与欧洲国家的中央银行分别在7月20日和8月11日两次大规模干预外汇市场。这两次干预从性质上来说，都是属不改变各自经济政策的干预，虽然有短时的效果，从中、长期来看却完全是失败的。

　　第一次干预是7月20日马克与美元的汇价冲击1991年2月以后的新高点1.4430时进行的，美国等15个工业国家的中央银行联手在市场抛马克买美元，经过3次干预后，美元对马克的汇价一下子从1.4470上升到1.5000，美元在两天内反弹了500多点。但是这次干预并没有止住美元的跌势。在经过半个多月的徘徊后，美元又继续下跌。美国等13个工业国家的中央银行于8月11日再次联手干预，但效果比第一次还要差。第一轮干预使美元对马克的汇率从1.4620马克反弹到1.4780，仅上升150点，而且时效仅维持了半个多小时。以后美元重新下跌。美国联邦储备委员会在3个多小时内分别在美元兑马克的汇率1.4715、1.4730和1.4770等处4次干预市场，抛马克买美元，但仅仅使美元略有反弹。在这次干预中，美国等工业国家共动用了10至15亿美元。然而，两天以后，美元又跌过干预前的最低点。

　　这次干预之所以失败，除了上面所说的属于不改变政策的干预外，外汇市场对这些干预早有期待也是个重要原因。对外汇市场来说，最以推动市场的是突发性事件，而预料之中的事件往往会提前反映到外汇市场中去。这是第一次干预比第二次干预有效一些的原因。而这两次干预最终不能改变美元的弱势，原因是中央银行不能使外汇市场相信，美元的汇价应该市场价高一些。

　　1992年9月欧洲货币体系成员国对外汇市场的干预 1992年9月欧洲货币体系出现危机，外汇市场猛烈地抛售成员国中几乎所有的疲软的货币，英镑、意大利里拉、爱尔兰镑等无不出现大幅度币值下跌的情况。受其株连的是非成员国芬兰等国货币，在外汇市场上也出现大跌，迫使这些国家宣布脱离与欧洲货币体系的自愿挂钩。

　　这次干预中，欧洲共同体的成员国几乎都花了很大的代价。德国中央银行花了120多亿美元，英国花了近60亿，而法国向德国中央银行借调外汇进行干预的钱，到11月初才还清。这次干预使欧洲货币体系的矛盾有所缓和，但远远没有解决问题。

　　由于外汇市场的短期波动非常频繁且幅度较大，创造了非常多的短期获利机会。因此，把握上述主要因素和外汇市场之间的关系，对于提高分析能力和盈利能力是很有帮助的。